Functional genomics analysis reveals the evolutionary adaptation and demographic history of pygmy lorises

Li, Ming-Li, Wang, Sheng, Xu, Penghui, Tian, Hang-Yu, Bai, Mixue, Zhang, Ya-Ping, Shao, Yong, Xiong, Zi-Jun, Qi, Xiao-Guang, Cooper, David N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8943-8484, Zhang, Guojie, Zhu, He Helen and Wu, Dong-Dong 2022. Functional genomics analysis reveals the evolutionary adaptation and demographic history of pygmy lorises. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (40) , e2123030119. 10.1073/pnas.2123030119

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Abstract

Lorises are a group of globally threatened strepsirrhine primates that exhibit many unusual physiological and behavioral features, including a low metabolic rate, slow movement, and hibernation. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome sequence of the pygmy loris (Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus) and resequenced whole genomes from 50 pygmy lorises and 6 Bengal slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis). We found that many gene families involved in detoxification have been specifically expanded in the pygmy loris, including the GSTA gene family, with many newly derived copies functioning specifically in the liver. We detected many genes displaying evolutionary convergence between pygmy loris and koala, including PITRM1. Significant decreases in PITRM1 enzymatic activity in these two species may have contributed to their characteristic low rate of metabolism. We also detected many evolutionarily convergent genes and positively selected genes in the pygmy loris that are involved in muscle development. Functional assays demonstrated the decreased ability of one positively selected gene, MYOF, to up-regulate the fast-type muscle fiber, consistent with the lower proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the pygmy loris. The protein product of another positively selected gene in the pygmy loris, PER2, exhibited weaker binding to the key circadian core protein CRY, a finding that may be related to this species’ unusual circadian rhythm. Finally, population genomics analysis revealed that these two extant loris species, which coexist in the same habitat, have exhibited an inverse relationship in terms of their demography over the past 1 million years, implying strong interspecies competition after speciation.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Medicine
Publisher:	National Academy of Sciences
ISSN:	0027-8424
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	24 October 2022
Date of Acceptance:	4 August 2022
Last Modified:	06 Nov 2023 23:29
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/153734

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