COVID-19 managed on respiratory wards and intensive care units: Results from the national COVID-19 outcome report in Wales from March 2020 to December 2021

Barry, Simon M., Davies, Gareth R., Underwood, Jonathan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-2821, Davies, Chris R. and Lewis, Keir E. 2024. COVID-19 managed on respiratory wards and intensive care units: Results from the national COVID-19 outcome report in Wales from March 2020 to December 2021. PLoS ONE 19 (1) , e0294895. 10.1371/journal.pone.0294895

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	PDF (S6 Table. Whole cohort crude outcomes) - Supplemental Material Download (93kB)
	PDF (S12 Table. Subgroup summary statistics: oxygen therapy) - Supplemental Material Download (111kB)
	PDF (S1 Table. Non-mandatory data completeness, whole cohort) - Supplemental Material Download (129kB)
	PDF (S7 Table. Univariate logistic regression, whole cohort) - Supplemental Material Download (131kB)
	PDF (S17 Table. Subgroup summary statistics: invasive ventilation) - Supplemental Material Download (104kB)
	PDF (S8 Figure. Univariate logistic regression, whole cohort) - Supplemental Material Download (189kB)
	PDF (S23 Appendix. Regression diagnostics: CPAP subgroup model) - Supplemental Material Download (376kB)
	PDF (S22 Appendix. Goodness of fit: CPAP subgroup model) - Supplemental Material Download (507kB)
	PDF (S5 Table. Wave 3 vaccination status counts and percents) - Supplemental Material Download (94kB)
	PDF (S10 Appendix. Goodness of fit: whole cohort model) - Supplemental Material Download (3MB)
	PDF (S16 Table. Subgroup counts and percents: CPAP and invasive ventilation) - Supplemental Material Download (102kB)
	PDF (S14 Table. Subgroup summary statistics: HFNO only) - Supplemental Material Download (110kB)
	PDF (S9 Table. Multivariable logistic regression model, whole cohort) - Supplemental Material Download (131kB)
	PDF (S11 Appendix. Regression diagnostics: whole cohort model) - Supplemental Material Download (2MB)
	PDF (S13 Table. Subgroup counts and percents: oxygen therapy) - Supplemental Material Download (95kB)
	PDF (S19 Table. Univariate logistic regression, CPAP subgroup) - Supplemental Material Download (131kB)
	PDF (S15 Table. Subgroup counts and percents: HFNO only) - Supplemental Material Download (97kB)
	PDF (S20 Figure. Univariate logistic regression, CPAP subgroup) - Supplemental Material Download (196kB)
	PDF (S2 Figure. Length of stay, whole cohort and treatment subgroups) - Supplemental Material Download (281kB)
	PDF (S18 Table. CPAP subgroup crude outcomes) - Supplemental Material Download (120kB)
	PDF (S2 Table. Whole cohort counts and percents) - Supplemental Material Download (93kB)
	PDF (S21 Table. Multivariable logistic regression, CPAP subgroup) - Supplemental Material Download (133kB)
	PDF (S3 Table. Length of stay, whole cohort and treatment subgroups) - Supplemental Material Download (121kB)

Abstract

Background: A COVID-19 hospital guideline was implemented across all 18 acute hospitals in Wales in March 2020, promoting ward management of COVID pneumonitis and data collected across the first 3 Waves of the pandemic (Wave 1 March 1st 2020 to November 1st 2020, Wave 2 November 2st 2020 to February 21st 2021 and Wave 3 June 1st 2021 to December 14th 2021). The aim of this paper is to compare outcomes for patients by admission setting and type of ventilatory support given, with a particular focus on CPAP therapy. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of those aged over 18 admitted to hospital with community acquired COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021. The outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Univariate logistic regression models were used to compare crude outcomes across the waves. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess outcomes by different settings and treatments after adjusting for Wave, age, sex, co-morbidity and deprivation. Results: Of the 7,803 records collected, 5,887 (75.4%) met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of those cases identified statistically significant outcome improvements across the waves for all patients combined (Waves 1 to 3: 31.5% to 18.8%, p<0.01), all ward patients (28.9% to 17.7%, p<0.01), and all ICU patients (44.3% to 32.2%, p = 0.03). Sub group analyses identified outcome improvements in ward patients without any oxygen therapy (Waves 1 to 3: 22.2% to 12.7%, p<0.01), with oxygen therapy only (34.0% to 12.9%, p<0.01) and with CPAP only (63.5% to 39.2%, p<0.01). The outcome improvements for ICU patients receiving CPAP only (35.7% to 24.6%, p = 0.31) or invasive ventilation (61.6% to 54.6%, p = 0.43) were not statistically significant though the numbers being admitted to ICU were small. The logistic regression models identified important age and comorbidity effects on outcomes. The multivariable model that took these into account suggested no statistically significantly greater risk of death for those receiving CPAP on the ward compared to those receiving CPAP in ICU (OR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.60). Conclusions: There were successive reductions in mortality in inpatients over the three Waves reflecting new treatments and better management of complications. Mortality for those requiring CPAP was similar in respiratory wards and ICUs after adjusting for differences in their respective patient populations.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Medicine
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Publisher:	Public Library of Science
ISSN:	1932-6203
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	22 January 2024
Date of Acceptance:	12 November 2023
Last Modified:	22 Jan 2024 11:45
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/165719

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