The XXL Survey

Adam, R., Ricci, M., Eckert, D., Ade, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-0401, Ajeddig, H., Altieri, B., André, P., Artis, E., Aussel, H., Beelen, A., Benoist, C., Benoît, A., Berta, S., Bing, L., Birkinshaw, M., Bourrion, O., Boutigny, D., Bremer, M., Calvo, M., Cappi, A., Catalano, A., De Petris, M., Désert, F.-X., Doyle, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-986X, Driessen, E. F. C., Faccioli, L., Ferrari, C., Gastaldello, F., Giles, P., Gomez, A., Goupy, J., Hahn, O., Hanser, C., Horellou, C., Kéruzoré, F., Koulouridis, E., Kramer, C., Ladjelate, B., Lagache, G., Leclercq, S., Lestrade, J.-F., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Madden, S., Maughan, B., Maurogordato, S., Maury, A., Mauskopf, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-5516, Monfardini, A., Muñoz-Echeverría, M., Pacaud, F., Perotto, L., Pierre, M., Pisano, G., Pompei, E., Ponthieu, N., Revéret, V., Rigby, A., Ritacco, A., Romero, C., Roussel, H., Ruppin, F., Sereno, M., Schuster, K., Sievers, A., Tintoré Vidal, G., Tucker, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1851-3918 and Zylka, R. 2024. The XXL Survey. Astronomy & Astrophysics 684 , A18. 10.1051/0004-6361/202348049

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Abstract

Context. The thermodynamical properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) are driven by scale-free gravitational collapse, but they also reflect the rich astrophysical processes at play in galaxy clusters. At low masses (∼1014 M⊙) and high redshift (z ≳ 1), these properties remain poorly constrained, observationally speaking, due to the difficulty in obtaining resolved and sensitive data. Aims. We aim to investigate the inner structure of the ICM as seen through the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect in this regime of mass and redshift. We focused on the thermal pressure profile and the scaling relation between SZ flux and mass, namely the YSZ − M scaling relation. Methods. The three galaxy clusters XLSSC 072 (z = 1.002), XLSSC 100 (z = 0.915), and XLSSC 102 (z = 0.969), with M500 ∼ 2 × 1014 M⊙, were selected from the XXL X-ray survey and observed with the NIKA2 millimeter camera to image their SZ signal. XMM-Newton X-ray data were used as a complement to the NIKA2 data to derive masses based on the YX − M relation and the hydrostatic equilibrium. Results. The SZ images of the three clusters, along with the X-ray and optical data, indicate dynamical activity related to merging events. The pressure profile is consistent with that expected for morphologically disturbed systems, with a relatively flat core and a shallow outer slope. Despite significant disturbances in the ICM, the three high-redshift low-mass clusters follow the YSZ − M relation expected from standard evolution remarkably well. Conclusions. These results indicate that the dominant physics that drives cluster evolution is already in place by z ∼ 1, at least for systems with masses above M500 ∼ 1014 M⊙.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Physics and Astronomy
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
ISSN:	0004-6361
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	17 May 2024
Date of Acceptance:	6 October 2023
Last Modified:	24 May 2024 14:31
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/169012

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