The fragmentation of molecular clouds in starburst environments

Cusack, Matt T., Clark, Paul C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4834-043X, Glover, Simon C. O., Klessen, Ralf S, Girichidis, Philipp, Whitworth, Anthony P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-5486 and Priestley, Felix D. 2025. The fragmentation of molecular clouds in starburst environments. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 536 (4) , 3518–3536. 10.1093/mnras/stae2812

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Abstract

A significant amount of star formation occurs and has occurred in environments unlike the solar neighbourhood. The majority of stars formed closer to the peak of the cosmic star formation rate (⁠ ⁠) and a great deal of star formation presently occurs in the central molecular zone (CMZ) of the Galaxy. These environments are unified by the presence of a high interstellar radiation field (ISRF) and a high cosmic ray ionization rate (CRIR). Numerical studies of stellar birth typically neglect this fact, and those that do not have thus far been limited in scope. In this work, we present the first comprehensive analysis of hydrodynamical simulations of star formation in extreme environments where we have increased the ISRF and CRIR to values typical of the CMZ and starburst galaxies. We note changes in the fragmentation behaviour on both the core and stellar system scale, leading to top-heavy core and stellar system mass functions in high ISRF/CRIR clouds. Clouds fragment less on the core scale, producing fewer but more massive cores. Conversely, the cores fragment more intensely and produce richer clusters of stellar systems. We present a picture where high ISRF/CRIR clouds fragment less on the scale of cores and clumps, but more on the scale of stellar systems. The change in fragmentation behaviour subsequently changes the mass function of the stellar systems that form through enhanced accretion rates.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Physics and Astronomy
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
ISSN:	0035-8711
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	9 January 2025
Date of Acceptance:	20 December 2024
Last Modified:	10 Jan 2025 15:30
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/175148

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