Blackstart strategies with grid forming offshore Type-IV wind turbines and BESS for effective system restoration

Galeela, Mohamed, Fawad, Muhammad, Chakravorty, Diptargha, Javid, Zahid, Li, Chuanyue ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-6642 and Liang, Jun ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X 2026. Blackstart strategies with grid forming offshore Type-IV wind turbines and BESS for effective system restoration. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 177 , 111820. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111820

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Abstract

The increasing penetration of converter-interfaced generation motivates restoration strategies that can establish and regulate voltage and frequency during blackstart. This paper evaluates blackstart of an offshore wind farm using grid-forming (GFM) Type-IV wind turbines and battery energy storage systems (BESS), and compares four energization methods: (i) offshore diesel generator (DG) at the offshore PCC, (ii) offshore GFM-BESS at the offshore PCC, (iii) WT-assisted start using WT-integrated GFM-BESS followed by sequential turbine energization, and (iv) onshore GFM-BESS initiating restoration from the onshore side. Detailed EMT simulations in PSCAD follow explicit staged energization sequences of cables, transformers, and loads, enabling a consistent cross-method assessment of transient behavior. As a key contribution, the paper introduces an objective benchmarking framework based on measurable restoration indicators and applies it to quantify voltage and frequency containment and transient stress across methods. Results show that placing GFM capability offshore or at the turbine level yields the most robust restoration trajectories, including successful operation without offshore damping load, whereas DG-based and onshore-initiated strategies exhibit higher sensitivity to corridor charging and resonance-driven transients. The findings provide quantitative guidance for selecting practical blackstart architectures for offshore wind power plants.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Additional Information:	Corrigendum to this article available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111995 License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Start Date: 2026-03-28
Publisher:	Elsevier
ISSN:	0142-0615
Funders:	EPSRC
Projects:	EP/X031144/1
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	23 April 2026
Date of Acceptance:	28 March 2026
Last Modified:	18 Aug 2026 08:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/186600

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