Optimal planning of battery storage to enhance res integration and frequency security: a planning-validation-adjustment framework

Hu, Qianwen, Li, Gengfeng, Bie, Zhaohong, Wu, Jianzhong ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-3602, Yang, Qiming, Huang, Bingkai and Zhou, Yue ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6698-4714 2026. Optimal planning of battery storage to enhance res integration and frequency security: a planning-validation-adjustment framework. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 17 (3) , pp. 3064-3079. 10.1109/tste.2026.3665160

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Abstract

The integration of a high proportion of renewable energy sources (RES) poses severe challenges to the flexibility and frequency stability of power systems. More battery storage systems (BES) are essential for supporting RES integration, with the fast frequency response (FFR) of grid-forming BES being particularly crucial for frequency stability. However, incorporating frequency dynamics into planning models is challenging due to the complexity and difficulty in model tractability. To address these issues, a two-level “Planning-Validation-Adjustment” framework is proposed for grid-forming BES planning. The system frequency response model is integrated into the conventional planning model, and a frequency-dynamics feasibility-driven Benders-cut mechanism is developed to iteratively adjust BES planning decisions based on the frequency response feedback. Specifically, the upper-level planning model optimizes the allocation and sizing of grid-forming BES under RES uncertainty scenarios. In the lower level, the FFR of grid-forming BES is incorporated into robust dynamic frequency constraints to ensure safety margins under uncertain power disturbances. When frequency violations are identified in the lower-level model, corresponding Benders-cuts are generated and fed back to the upper level to update planning decisions. To efficiently solve the proposed model, a Benders-Cut-based iterative solution algorithm embedded with progressive hedging algorithm (PHA) is developed. Simulation studies on the modified IEEE 39-bus system confirm the effectiveness of the proposed planning framework and solution approach.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Additional Information:	RRS policy applied. License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html, Start Date: 2026-07-01
Publisher:	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ISSN:	1949-3029
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	11 August 2026
Last Modified:	11 Aug 2026 09:15
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/187966

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