Sub-torque-balance upper limits on continuous gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1

Al-Shammari, Sama, Amarasinghege, Oshadha, Bergamin, Fabio, Divyajyoti, Divyajyoti ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-1012, Dooley, K.L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-0233, Dosopoulou, F., Dumbreck, R.R., Fairhurst, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8480-1961, Goettel, A.S., Grote, H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0797-3943, Hannam, M.D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5571-325X, Higginbotham, S., Javed, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1471-7890, Kinnear, Meryl, Kokeyama, Keiko ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2896-1992, Kuntimaddi, Nikitha, MacLeod, Duncan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1395-8694, Mahapatra, Parthapratim, Morgan, Carys, Neeson, James, Norman, Michael, North, Christopher, Patra, Abhinav, Patterson, Ben, Pearce, Thomas, Raymond, Vivien ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0066-0095, Riley, H.K., Sathyaprakash, Bangalore ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3845-7586, Schutz, Bernard ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-6983, Singh, Mukesh, Skliris, Vasileios, Sutton, Patrick ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-3922, Tanioka, Satoshi and Tsang, Terrence 2026. Sub-torque-balance upper limits on continuous gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1. The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1010 (2) , L23. 10.3847/2041-8213/aea296

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Abstract

We present the results of a search for continuous gravitational waves (GWs) from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1 using LIGO data from the first part of the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA observing run. By applying the resampling version of the cross-correlation pipeline to search for signal frequencies f0 between 25 and 200 Hz (corresponding to neutron star spin frequencies of 12.5–100 Hz for GWs due to triaxiality, or ∼15–20 to ∼120–150 Hz for GWs due to r-modes), we are able to achieve longer coherence times than before, and for the first time set upper limits below the standard torque balance level, independent of neutron star spin inclination, for 50 Hz ≲ f0 ≲ 200 Hz. The most sensitive upper limits on the gravitational wave amplitude h0, at the upper end of the frequency band searched, approach 5 × 10−26 marginalized over inclination angle and 2 × 10−26 assuming the most favorable inclination. The marginalized upper limits correspond to a sensitivity depth of 70–75 Hz−1/2, improving sensitivity considerably over previous searches. Expressed as constraints on the triaxial deformation of the neutron star, the limits correspond to an ellipticity of 3 × 10−5 if the GW frequency f0 is 75 Hz and 3 × 10−6 if f0 = 200 Hz, approaching deformations that could be supported by ordinary nuclear matter. Outliers from the search were ruled out as potential signals by a combination of hierarchical follow-up and analysis of additional data from later in the observing run.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Physical, Chemical & Environmental Sciences Schools > Physics and Astronomy
Additional Information:	For full author list see: https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aea296
Publisher:	American Astronomical Society
ISSN:	2041-8205
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	19 October 2026
Date of Acceptance:	22 August 2026
Last Modified:	19 Oct 2026 17:27
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/190318

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