Ullah, Shahid, Tonks, Alex  ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6073-4976, Maya-Ramírez, Carlos Eliel, Abdullah, Sabahat, Khalil, Shahzad, Tonni, Tasnim Jahan, Hasan, Md Mahmudul and Ahmad, Abbas
2026.
Integrated immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics approaches reveal a promising multi-epitope vaccine against hantavirus.
In Silico Pharmacology
14
(3)
, 273.
10.1007/s40203-026-00782-6
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Abstract
Hantavirus is a rodent-borne zoonotic pathogen causing Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), with substantial global morbidity and mortality. No universally approved human vaccine exists, making a safe, effective vaccine a public health priority. An immunoinformatics strategy was used to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct (MEVC) targeting the glycoprotein precursor (GP_HANTL) of Hantaan orthohantavirus. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes were predicted and screened for antigenicity, immunogenicity, MHC-binding affinity, and population coverage. Selected epitopes were joined with EAAAK, AAY, GPGPG, and KK linkers and fused to a β-defensin adjuvant. The construct was evaluated by physicochemical characterization, structural modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, immune simulation, codon optimization, and in silico cloning. The final construct comprised 10 CTL, 10 HTL, and 5 B-cell epitopes, with 99.24% global population coverage. Structural validation showed 95% of residues in favored Ramachandran regions and an ERRAT score of 82. Molecular docking produced a favorable ClusPro score (− 1273.6) for the selected MEVC–TLR4 complex. Immune simulations predicted robust humoral and cellular responses, including elevated antibodies, memory B cells, and CTL/HTL activation. Codon optimization yielded a CAI of 0.94, supporting efficient Escherichia coli expression. A 100-ns MD simulation showed substantial conformational adaptation of the MEVC while TLR4 remained comparatively stable; accompanying Rg and SASA trends indicated that the MEVC adopted a more compact state during the trajectory. The proposed MEVC demonstrated favorable predicted immunogenicity, favorable structural characteristics, broad population coverage, and favorable expression characteristics. These findings support experimental validation and development of a preventive strategy against Hantavirus infection.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Date Type: | Publication |
| Status: | Published |
| Schools: | Schools > Medicine |
| Additional Information: | RRS policy applied |
| Publisher: | SpringerOpen |
| ISSN: | 2193-9616 |
| Date of First Compliant Deposit: | 3 November 2026 |
| Date of Acceptance: | 19 October 2026 |
| Last Modified: | 03 Nov 2026 11:00 |
| URI: | https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/190596 |
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