Optimization strategy for liquid ammonia/diesel dual-fuel spray mixture formation

Zhang, Junqing, Zhou, Zhichao, Deng, Jingwei, Li, Xing, Huang, Hongyu, Chen, Danan, Valera Medina, Agustin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1580-7133 and Li, Jun 2026. Optimization strategy for liquid ammonia/diesel dual-fuel spray mixture formation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 289 , 158413. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.158413

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Abstract

Spray interaction governs mixture formation in liquid ammonia/diesel dual-fuel systems. This study combines nonreactive constant-volume chamber experiments with large eddy simulation to compare three injection sequences and four nozzle arrangements. An effective overlap ratio quantifies the fraction of diesel spray volume satisfying prescribed fuel vapor concentration and composition criteria. At 900 K and 4 MPa in nitrogen, with both fuels injected at 75 MPa, ammonia injection followed by diesel produces no region meeting these criteria during the examined interval. Split ammonia injection with an intervening diesel pulse increases overlap and narrows the later-stage fuel composition distribution relative to diesel-first injection. Among the four arrangements evaluated with split injection, a 10 mm ammonia nozzle insertion yields a peak effective overlap ratio of approximately 52%. The results identify fuel replenishment and interaction-region location as key factors controlling mixture formation.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Publisher:	Elsevier
ISSN:	0360-3199
Date of Acceptance:	28 October 2026
Last Modified:	03 Nov 2026 10:45
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/190615

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