Public Partnerships in iterative co-design of smartphone intra-oral photography guidelines: processes, opportunities, and challenges in practice

Pritchard, Manon F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5135-4744, Evans, Samuel, Pattinson, Rachael ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3145-3710, Innes, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9984-0012 and Al-Yaseen, Waraf 2026. Public Partnerships in iterative co-design of smartphone intra-oral photography guidelines: processes, opportunities, and challenges in practice. British Dental Journal Item availability restricted.

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Abstract

Aim: To co-design user guidelines for smartphone intra-oral photography with Public Partnerships and evaluate their contribution to intervention development. Materials and Methods: An iterative co-design study was conducted with Public Partnership contributors. Contributors reviewed the guideline, attempted intra-oral photography using personal smartphones, and provided structured online feedback across two rounds. The guideline was refined iteratively based on feedback. Quantitative data were summarised descriptively, and qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results: Seventeen contributors were recruited, with 11 completing Round 1 and 10 completing Round 2. Feedback informed all stages of guideline development, improving clarity through simplification of terminology, restructuring of instructions, and enhancement of visual support. Contributors identified key usability issues, including unclear purpose, difficulty translating instructions into action, and practical challenges in image capture. While clarity improved, variability in image quality persisted, highlighting a mismatch between clinical expectations and user capability. Contributors’ input led to the addition of a demonstration video and identified the need for real-time feedback mechanisms to support image acquisition. Conclusion: Public Partnerships were central to translating clinical requirements into a usable guideline and defining the limits of instruction alone. Co-design should inform both content and implementation of digital dental interventions.

Item Type:	Article
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Dentistry
Publisher:	Springer Nature [academic journals on nature.com]
ISSN:	0007-0610
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	5 November 2026
Last Modified:	05 Nov 2026 11:45
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/190688

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