Anti-atherogenic actions of hydroxytyrosol

Alotibi, Reem 2023. Anti-atherogenic actions of hydroxytyrosol. PhD Thesis, Cardiff University. Item availability restricted.

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Abstract

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterised by the accumulation of lipids in the arterial wall, and is considered to be a major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Worldwide, CVD is responsible for a third of all deaths. Current pharmacological therapeutic agents for CVD, such as statin therapy, are not fully effective and have considerable residual risk for the disease. Alternative agents for the prevention and treatment of the disease are therefore required. Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a polyphenol compound found mainly in olive oil. HT has been reported to prevent CVD predominantly due to its antioxidant effects. HT is the only polyphenol recognised by the European Food Safety Authority as a protector against low-density lipoprotein-mediated oxidative damage. Previous investigations carried out in the host laboratory showed that HT altered multiple atherosclerosis-associated risk factors in wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 weeks, as well as various anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions on human monocytes/macrophages in vitro. Unfortunately, the actions of HT in atherosclerosis in vivo are poorly understood. The aim of this study therefore was to elucidate its effects on atherosclerosis progression and regression in a mouse model system. Methods: In order to study the development of atherosclerosis in vivo, 8-week-old male or female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (ldlr-/-) mice were given HFD alone or in combination with 10 mg/kg/day of HT for 12 weeks. For regression studies, the mice were fed a HFD for 12 weeks to promote the formation of established lesions, and then switched to normal chow diet (NCD) alone or in combination with HT. The two procedures were then followed up by an in-depth investigations of atherosclerosisassociated risk factors and the plaques that formed in the aortic root. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analyses was used to assess changes in gene expression and associated pathways in the thoracic aorta. The liver was also analysed in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is often associated with atherosclerosis and extended via the use of an in vitro hepatoma HepG2 cell culture model system. Results: As part of the progression study, female ldlr-/- mice that had received HT supplemented HFD for 12 weeks had attenuated weight gain, plaque size in the aortic root and neutrophil content in the peripheral blood, while male ldlr-/- mice had attenuated occlusion and T cells in the peripheral blood. In both cases, there was reduced plaque inflammation and improved plasma lipid profile and plaque stability. As part of the regression studies on male ldlr-/- mice, intervention with HT combined with NCD reversed hepatic injury and enhanced plaque stability (to a greater extent than NCD intervention alone). Conclusions: These findings provide support for the anti-atherogenic actions of HT as well as its possible use as an alternative nutraceutical agent for preventing the development of atherosclerosis. This is potentially possible due to the lack of adverse effects as well as the relatively low cost in comparison to that of typical pharmacological treatments. Additional research is necessary in order to determine the mechanisms that are responsible for these favourable anti-atherogenic and other beneficial changes.

Item Type:	Thesis (PhD)
Date Type:	Completion
Status:	Unpublished
Schools:	Biosciences
Subjects:	Q Science > Q Science (General)
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	15 September 2023
Last Modified:	15 Sep 2023 11:19
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/162559

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