Carter, Tim, Williams, John G., Smith, Hance D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-0788, Protheroe-Jones, Jennifer, John, Ann and Roberts, Stephen E. 2023. Loss of life at sea from shipping British coal since 1890. International Journal of Maritime History 35 (3) , pp. 431-453. 10.1177/08438714231181754 |
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Abstract
There was continuing public and political concern about the loss of life at sea during the second half of the nineteenth century in Britain. New regulatory requirements, introduced to examine the competence of officers, prevent overloading and reduce the risks from hazardous cargoes such as coal, were in place by 1890. However, the effectiveness of these measures was not systematically monitored at the time. This retrospective evaluation reviews subsequent loss of life in the coal trade, the largest sector of British exports by weight. Loss of life remained high; it was more dangerous to export a ton of coal than it was to mine it. Some routes, such as those around Cape Horn and to Scandinavia, carried the highest risk, and losses on European voyages were more common in winter. Over time, the risks reduced as sail gave way to steam and diesel propulsion, and as maritime communications improved.
Item Type: | Article |
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Date Type: | Publication |
Status: | Published |
Schools: | Earth and Environmental Sciences |
Additional Information: | License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Start Date: 2023-07-12 |
Publisher: | SAGE Publications |
ISSN: | 0843-8714 |
Date of First Compliant Deposit: | 11 October 2023 |
Date of Acceptance: | 16 May 2023 |
Last Modified: | 23 Oct 2023 09:17 |
URI: | https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/163125 |
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