Comparison of active frequency and voltage support capabilities of grid-forming and grid-following converters

Zong, Qihang, Yao, Wei, Zhou, Hongyu, Wen, Jinyu, Xiong, Yongxin and Liang, Jun ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X 2026. Comparison of active frequency and voltage support capabilities of grid-forming and grid-following converters. Presented at: 2026 IEEE PES International Meeting (PES IM), Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 18-21 January 2026. Proceedings of 2026 IEEE PES International Meeting (PES IM). IEEE, 10.1109/pesim67009.2026.11438460

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Abstract

Active frequency and voltage support capabilities of power converters are critical for ensuring the stability of renewable-integrated power systems. Grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters represent the two fundamental controls. The relationship between the two converters in terms of support capabilities is unclear. This paper comprehensively reveals the uniformity and differences between GFM and GFL units in terms of frequency and voltage support, contributing to clarifying the relationship. For uniformity, the frequency and voltage support characteristics of the two converters are the same in case the control parameters are dual. For the differences in specific scenarios, the GFM converter has better support of the frequency nadir at near full support. The GFL converter is potentially more favorable for the voltage of the early period due to the error component of reactive power. Validation studies performed on a modified IEEE two-area system confirm the accuracy of the analytical findings.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item - published (Paper)
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Publisher:	IEEE
ISBN:	9798331566456
Last Modified:	04 Aug 2026 14:31
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/186084

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