Stochastic optimal battery power availability analysis for grid energisation during power system black start restoration

Udoakah, Ye-Obong, Sonder, Hassan Berkem, Liang, Jun ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X and Cipcigan, Liana ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-3334 2026. Stochastic optimal battery power availability analysis for grid energisation during power system black start restoration. Electric Power Systems Research 258 , 113180. 10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113180

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Abstract

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) plays a major role in the emerging power system architecture. The significant improvements in battery technology as well as the reduction in the cost of energy storage systems (ESS) generally has led to a surge in renewable energy (RE) applications. In this study, the optimal battery power available for grid energisation during different blackout scenarios was simulated. By adopting both the numerical and experimental methods, the optimal power availability of BESS used in power system black start restoration (BSR) applications in Nigeria was investigated. To validate the results obtained, an Excel/MATLAB®-based algorithm was developed and used to process the various stochastic charging and discharging profiles generated. To demonstrate the workability of the BESS in contributing to optimal BSR, using purposive sampling strategy, different scenarios are created to simulate the modelled BESS integrated into the sectionalised Nigerian 330 kV 48-bus system. The simulated results shows that the BESS is capable of contributing to BSR sequences in response to varying operating conditions. The state of charge (SoC) and depth of discharge (DoD) of the various batteries under different real life scenarios, the relationship between the cell voltage of LG battery modules and the discharge current from the MC3000 client tool, as well as the relationship between the cell voltage and the total discharged capacity of the LG batteries were obtained. The optimal battery power availability for participating in BSR was reached in <50 min, with ESS optimally contributing to power restoration achieving 4.3% & 18.1% for Kaduna and Jos respectively.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Publisher:	Elsevier
ISSN:	0378-7796
Date of Acceptance:	19 April 2026
Last Modified:	27 Apr 2026 10:01
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/186614

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