Fan, Chenhui, Qin, Xiaohui, Zhang, Xiangyu, Wang, Cheng, Liu, Hui, Qi, Lei and Liang, Jun  ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X
2026.
Shaping the Q-U droop characteristic of grid forming converters from the perspective of constant voltage control.
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
10.1109/tste.2026.3690113
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Abstract
With the increasing penetration rate of variable renewable energy (VRE) and other inverter-based resources (IBR) in power systems, system inertia and strength are being continuously weakened. Grid-forming (GFM) technology, adaptable to weak grids, has attracted widespread attention. The GFM Q-U droop control is widely adopted in practice, but it is challenging to tune key parameters, such as initial voltage reference value and droop coefficient, therefore, the adaptability and effectiveness of voltage support is difficult to ensure. To take the advantages of GFM converters as voltage sources, adopting constant voltage control (CVC) seems to be a better choice. This paper clarifies the implicit internal connection between CVC and droop control, indicating that the droop characteristic does not inherently depend on droop control, but should be regarded as a natural external port performance under internal CVC. Based on above analysis, a novel shaping method for Q-U droop characteristic of GFM converters from the perspective of CVC using virtual impedance is proposed. The virtual impedance in the proposed method is straightforward to set due to its explicit physical meaning, and the method performs well in strong adaptability and robustness for both islanded and grid-connected modes. Finally, the conclusions and the control effectiveness are verified by theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental results.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Date Type: | Published Online |
| Status: | In Press |
| Schools: | Schools > Engineering |
| Additional Information: | RRS policy applied |
| Publisher: | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| ISSN: | 1949-3029 |
| Date of First Compliant Deposit: | 6 July 2026 |
| Last Modified: | 06 Jul 2026 09:15 |
| URI: | https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/186920 |
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