Reducing the impact of diabetic foot ulcers (REDUCE): study protocol for an effectiveness and cost-effectiveness randomised controlled trial with embedded process evaluation

Mitchell, Natasha, Baldwin, Kavita, Ayling, Kieran, Mitchell, Alex, Sheehan, Christina and Dayan, Colin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-3462 2026. Reducing the impact of diabetic foot ulcers (REDUCE): study protocol for an effectiveness and cost-effectiveness randomised controlled trial with embedded process evaluation. BMJ Open 16 (5) , e118771. 10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118771

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Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulceration represents a prevalent, persistent and resource-intensive complication of diabetes. These ulcers are slow to heal, prone to recurrence and impose a substantial burden on both patients and healthcare providers. The reducing the impact of diabetic foot ulcers (REDUCE) intervention has been designed as a multifaceted approach targeting psychological and behavioural determinants linked to diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) outcomes. Following a successful pilot trial, the REDUCE trial has been designed as a pragmatic, multicentre randomised trial to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the REDUCE intervention plus usual care versus usual care alone in reducing recurrence in people with healed DFUs. Additionally, there is an embedded process evaluation and two sub-studies which will be carried out alongside the main trial. Methods and analysis: Adults over 18 years of age, with a recently healed DFU and two lower limbs, will be identified from around 30 specialist multidisciplinary diabetic foot clinics at participating National Health Service Trusts in the UK. Patients with active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy, active DFU or ulcers healed for more than 12 weeks will be excluded. We will aim to recruit 544 participants (1:1 randomisation). The primary outcome for this trial will be total ulcer-free days with limbs intact (ie, without amputation) between randomisation and the end of follow-up (18 months post-randomisation). Secondary outcomes include time to re-ulceration, total number of ulcers, amputation, quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Nottingham Assessment of Functional Footcare, ICEpop capability measure for adults and resource use. As part of the process evaluation, up to 20 REDUCE intervention patient-participants will be interviewed, and the healthcare professionals delivering the intervention will also be interviewed. An assessment of intervention fidelity will also be carried out. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval was granted by Wales 3 Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 22/WA/0053) on 16 March 2022. The findings will be presented at relevant conferences and disseminated via peer-reviewed research publications and to relevant stakeholders. Trial registration number: ISRCTN15570706.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Psychology Schools > Medicine
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Start Date: 2026-05-24, Type: open-access
Publisher:	BMJ Publishing Group
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	1 June 2026
Date of Acceptance:	13 April 2026
Last Modified:	01 Jun 2026 11:41
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/187304

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