Comparative assessment of PSO-tuned hybrid fuzzy controllers for load frequency control in a two-area hybrid power system under nonlinear and parametric uncertainty

Almutairi, Saleh, Anayi, Fatih, Packianather, Michael ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-8206 and Shouran, Mokhtar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9904-434X 2026. Comparative assessment of PSO-tuned hybrid fuzzy controllers for load frequency control in a two-area hybrid power system under nonlinear and parametric uncertainty. Energies 19 (11) , 2677. 10.3390/en19112677

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Abstract

Reliable load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected hybrid power systems remains challenging in the presence of nonlinear operating conditions, random demand variations, and parametric uncertainty. This study proposes a PSO-based LFC framework for a two-area hybrid power system and examines its performance through two successive stages. In the first stage, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-tuned Fuzzy PID controller is developed and benchmarked against reported Fuzzy-PIDF schemes optimized by MPA and COR. In the second stage, three PSO-tuned hybrid fuzzy structures, namely Fuzzy PI-PD + PID, Fuzzy (PI + PD) + PID, and Fuzzy PI + Fuzzy PD + PID, are formulated and comparatively assessed under identical operating conditions. The examined cases include nominal linear operation, Governor Dead Band (GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) nonlinearities, random load disturbance, and seven parametric uncertainty scenarios. In the first stage, the PSO-tuned Fuzzy PID controller attains an ITAE of 0.00003433 under linear conditions and 0.00003822 under GDB/GRC nonlinearities, while yielding lower cumulative error than the benchmark controllers. In the second stage, the Fuzzy PI-PD + PID structure records the lowest ITAE and the shortest settling time, with ITAE = 0.000003655 and ST = 0.4234 s under nominal conditions, and ITAE = 0.000004063 and ST = 0.4519 s under nonlinear conditions. Under parametric uncertainty, its ITAE ranges from 2.482 × 10−6 to 4.833 × 10−6 with the nominal gains retained. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed PSO-based framework provides improved LFC performance within the examined linear, nonlinear, random-disturbance, and parametric-uncertainty scenarios for the studied two-area hybrid power system.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Start Date: 2026-06-02
Publisher:	MDPI
ISSN:	1996-1073
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	19 June 2026
Last Modified:	19 Jun 2026 09:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/187640

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