The extremely low-luminosity Type Iax SNe 2022ywf and 2023zgx

Barna, B., Bánhidi, D., Szalai, T., Anderson, J. P., Boland, T. and Inserra, Cosimo ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-4409 2026. The extremely low-luminosity Type Iax SNe 2022ywf and 2023zgx. Astronomy & Astrophysics 710 , A72. 10.1051/0004-6361/202558276

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Abstract

Context. We present the optical follow-up of SNe 2022ywf and 2023zgx, two examples from the Iax subclass of thermonuclear supernova (SN) events. With peak absolute magnitudes of M V = −13.7 and −14.4 mag, respectively, both objects belong to the extremely low-luminosity (EL) population of the class. Aims. The common origin of SNe in the Iax subclass remains under debate, since the distribution of certain observables may indicate that the extremely low-luminosity explosions form a distinct population. We aim to estimate the physical properties of the two EL objects, including mapping the ejecta structure. We compare the results with the predictions of the pure deflagration model with similar luminosity, as well as with the common features of other SNe Iax. Methods. We performed spectral tomography on the spectral series of SNe 2022ywf and 2023zgx around their maxima to map the physical properties of the ejecta. Together with the analysis of BgVriz photometry, we studied a wide range of observables to investigate their distribution against luminosity. We compared the constrained chemical abundances of the ejecta to the predictions of hydrodynamic simulations with similar peak luminosities. Results. Constant abundances provide a good match for the distribution of chemical elements for both SNe 2022ywf and 2023zgx. The discrepancies compared to the least luminous pure deflagration model N5def_hybrid are minor, especially at post-maximum epochs. The two SNe also share similar characteristics in their constrained density structures, as well as in the evolution of the photosphere. Conclusions. The analysis supports the assumption that pure deflagration models can reproduce the main characteristics of SNe Iax, even for the low-luminosity population. The presented indirect observational evidence indicates that these objects show similar intrinsic properties to the well-studied, relatively luminous Iax sample and fit into the velocity distribution of the subclass.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Physics and Astronomy
Additional Information:	For full list of authors see: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202558276 License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, Start Date: 2026-06-03
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
ISSN:	0004-6361
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	19 June 2026
Last Modified:	19 Jun 2026 09:15
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/187643

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