Wu, Long, Ren, Zhouyang, Wu, Jianzhong  ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-3602 and Yu, Lei
2026.
Frequency security region of high penetration renewable energy integrated power systems: theoretical, assessment, and application.
Applied Energy
423
, 128408.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128408
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Abstract
With the continuous rise in the penetration of highly uncertain and intermittent renewable energy sources, the frequency security of power systems becomes increasingly challenging. The existing frequency security analysis methods struggle to characterize frequency security boundaries under high-penetration renewable energy integrated power systems (HP-REIPS). This situation brings severe challenges to the secure operation and control of power systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a theoretical framework and its application for the frequency security region (FSR) in the HP-REIPS. First, the FSR and its boundaries are defined within a high-dimensional power injection space. This definition integrates power flow balance, equipment operational constraints, and multi-timescale frequency stability constraints. Second, an FSR assessment model is constructed. It incorporates transient and steady-state frequency stability indices, as well as frequency control strategies specific to the HP-REIPS. Furthermore, the boundedness, continuous closure, and monotonicity of the model are revealed. Third, quantitative indices are proposed to evaluate the frequency stability margin, regional volume, and boundary sensitivity. Additionally, a five-level hierarchical early-warning method is designed based on the stability margin. Finally, the proposed model and methods are validated using a modified IEEE 39-bus test system. The results demonstrate that the proposed FSR theory intuitively delineates the frequency security boundaries of the HP-REIPS.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Date Type: | Publication |
| Status: | Published |
| Schools: | Schools > Engineering |
| Additional Information: | RRS policy applied |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| ISSN: | 0306-2619 |
| Date of First Compliant Deposit: | 11 August 2026 |
| Date of Acceptance: | 8 July 2026 |
| Last Modified: | 11 Aug 2026 09:15 |
| URI: | https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/188337 |
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