Black-start strategies for multi-terminal HVDC grids with grid-forming offshore wind turbines and onshore terminal support

Fawad, Muhammad, Garg, Akansha, Galeela, Mohamed and Liang, Jun ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X 2026. Black-start strategies for multi-terminal HVDC grids with grid-forming offshore wind turbines and onshore terminal support. Presented at: ACDC Europe 2026, Berlin, Germany, 28-29 April 2026. IET Conference Proceedings. , vol.2026 (4) Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), pp. 207-212. 10.1049/icp.2026.2295

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Abstract

This paper investigates black-start of a three-terminal multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) network integrating grid-forming (GFM) offshore wind. Four strategies are examined: (1) direct charging using a pre-insertion resistor (PIR), (2) AC-voltage ramping of the wind turbines, (3) coordinated black-start with Terminal-III assistance via PI-based DC-voltage compensation, and (4) enhanced PI-based wind-power utilization that tracks available-power. The wind turbines operate in GFM mode, while the off-shore converter employs grid-following DC-voltage control. Under identical initial conditions, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations compare charging time, power sharing, and stability. Results show Method 1 is fast but impractical due to excessive surge; Method 2 is feasible but slow; Method 3 accelerates DC-link energization through Terminal-III support without predefined slopes; and Method 4 delivers the quickest, most stable restoration by ensuring maximum wind contribution and reducing Terminal-III burden. A sectional onshore restoration sequence is also demonstrated, with Terminal-II maintaining DC voltage and Terminal-III assisting load pickup. The study highlights practical black-start coordination in MTDC grids using local measurements and minimal inter-station communication, and provides guidance on selecting strategies based on wind availability and restoration speed requirements.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item - published (Paper)
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Engineering
Publisher:	Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Last Modified:	20 Jul 2026 14:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/188346

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