Zhang, Chengyu, Su, Yuan, Wu, Yifan, Rezgui, Yacine  ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-8400, Luo, Zhiwen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2082-3958, Jiang, Ben, Wang, Yiting, Sun, Chang and Zhao, Tianyi
2026.
Building energy demand-supply-storage integrated optimization and synergy effects evaluation with different willingness rates and seasons: A case study for a grid-connected campus electricity system.
Energy
361
, 142032.
10.1016/j.energy.2026.142032
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Abstract
Building energy management is gradually transferring from isolated demand-side management or supply-side optimization toward demand-supply-storage collaboration. Existing studies may have gaps in supply-demand-storage integrated optimization methods and synergy effect evaluation, and the performance of optimization solvers and load simulation processes also needs to be further improved. This study proposes a building energy demand-supply-storage integrated optimization method, that incorporats the proposed improved JSA solver, human-centric flexible load management, and PV-battery optimization. On this basis, a grid-connected campus electricity system is adopted as the case study to evaluate the synergistic effects under different user-participation willingness rates and seasonal conditions. The results show: (1) the demand-supply-storage collaboration can reduce daily total costs by 16.75%–28.59% (mean: 22.28%) and 9.973–22.295 t/day of CO2 emissions. Flexible load management contributes 6.83%–9.22% of the total cost reduction, whereas PV-battery optimization contributes 10.07%–23.14%. (2) The improved JSA algorithm integrates chaotic initialization, Levy flight, and adversarial learning, showing superior convergence performance, solution quality, and computational efficiency compared with recent solvers. (3) Smart EV charging, AC start-up temperature optimization, and plug load management can all reduce costs, with benefits increasing alongside higher participation willingness. (4) Finally, all flexible load management strategies exhibit positive synergy with PV-battery optimization, although the enhancement varies considerably across seasons and regulation strategies. Based on the synergy effects, in energy system planning, evaluation, and retrofitting, in addition to resource scale, supply-demand matching may be a critical factor influencing synergistic benefits.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Date Type: | Publication |
| Status: | Published |
| Schools: | Schools > Architecture Schools > Engineering |
| Additional Information: | Rights Retention Policy applied |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| ISSN: | 0360-5442 |
| Date of First Compliant Deposit: | 7 September 2026 |
| Date of Acceptance: | 20 July 2026 |
| Last Modified: | 07 Sep 2026 09:45 |
| URI: | https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/188677 |
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