Axiomatic design for heatwave resilient naturally ventilated school buildings in the Global South

Chaga, Eduarda Gonçalves, Balzan, Daniela Eleonora Carregã, Bleil de Souza, Clarice ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7823-1202, Kowaltowski, Doris Catharine Cornelie Knatz and de Oliveira Neves, Leticia 2026. Axiomatic design for heatwave resilient naturally ventilated school buildings in the Global South. Presented at: The 16th International Conference on Axiomatic Design (ICAD 2025), Cardiff, Wales, 25 - 27 June 2025. Published in: Bleil de Souza, Clarice, Pezzica, Camilla and Marchesi, Marianna eds. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Axiomatic Design (ICAD) 2025: Axiomatic Design in Sustainability Transitions: Designing for the Economy, Society and the Environment. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems , vol.1886 Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 101-112. 10.1007/978-3-032-20642-8_6

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Abstract

This research investigates the application of Axiomatic Design (AD) to retrofitting naturally ventilated school buildings, increasing their thermal resilience against heatwaves. AD is used to guide designers to reduce thermal discomfort with minimum dependence on mechanical systems, by decomposing the retrofitting process of naturally ventilated school buildings assuming a generic Functional Requirement (FR); providing thermal comfort in a sustainable way during heatwaves. This FR is further decomposed towards maximising available ventilation and reducing solar gains. Design Parameters (DPs) include the development and integration of passive retrofit strategies, such as increased opening areas for ventilation, reducing glazing and roof thermal transmittances as well as reducing roof and façade thermal absorptances. A school building located in Campinas, Brazil (humid subtropical climate), is used as a case study with retrofits designed considering easy-to-implement solutions. Their performances are assessed through building performance simulation. Results show retrofit solutions associated with fan operation reduce extreme overheating conditions but still do not meet thermal comfort requirements in heatwave scenarios. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for future research in low-cost easy-to-operate active cooling strategies sustainable to be used in the Global South and opens a debate on thermal comfort tolerances feeding current discourses on comfort sufficiency.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item - published (Paper)
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Architecture
Publisher:	Springer
ISBN:	9783032206411
ISSN:	2367-3370
Last Modified:	12 Aug 2026 15:50
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/188804

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