IMI—Onset and progression of myopia in young adults

Bullimore, Mark A., Lee, Samantha Sze-Yee, Schmid, Katrina L., Rozema, Jos J., Leveziel, Nicolas, Mallen, Edward, Jacobsen, Nina, Iribarren, Rafael, Verkicharla, Pavan K., Polling, Jan Roelof and Chamberlain, Paul 2023. IMI—Onset and progression of myopia in young adults. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 64 (6) , 2. 10.1167/iovs.64.6.2

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Abstract

Myopia typically starts and progresses during childhood, but onset and progression can occur during adulthood. The goals of this review are to summarize published data on myopia onset and progression in young adults, aged 18 to 40 years, to characterize myopia in this age group, to assess what is currently known, and to highlight the gaps in the current understanding. Specifically, the peer-reviewed literature was reviewed to: characterize the timeline and age of stabilization of juvenile-onset myopia; estimate the frequency of adult-onset myopia; evaluate the rate of myopia progression in adults, regardless of age of onset, both during the college years and later; describe the rate of axial elongation in myopic adults; identify risk factors for adult onset and progression; report myopia progression and axial elongation in adults who have undergone refractive surgery; and discuss myopia management and research study design. Adult-onset myopia is common, representing a third or more of all myopia in western populations, but less in East Asia, where onset during childhood is high. Clinically meaningful myopia progression continues in early adulthood and may average 1.00 diopters (D) between 20 and 30 years. Higher levels of myopia are associated with greater absolute risk of myopia-related ocular disease and visual impairment, and thus myopia in this age group requires ongoing management. Modalities established for myopia control in children would be options for adults, but it is difficult to predict their efficacy. The feasibility of studies of myopia control in adults is limited by the long duration required.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Optometry and Vision Sciences
Publisher:	Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
ISSN:	1552-5783
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	1 September 2026
Last Modified:	01 Sep 2026 14:10
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/189311

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