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Demographic history and rare allele sharing among human populations

Gravel, Simon, Henn, Brenna M., Gutenkunst, Ryan N., Indap, Amit R., Marth, Gabor T., Clark, Andrew G., Yu, Fuli, Gibbs, Richard A., Bustamante, Carlos D., Altshuler, D. L., Durbin, R. M., Abecasis, G. R., Bentley, D. R., Chakravarti, A., Clark, A. G., Collins, F. S., De La Vega, F. M., Donnelly, P., Egholm, M., Flicek, P., Gabriel, S. B., Gibbs, R. A., Knoppers, B. M., Lander, E. S., Lehrach, H., Mardis, E. R., McVean, G. A., Nickerson, D. A., Peltonen, L., Schafer, A. J., Sherry, S. T., Wang, J., Wilson, R. K., Gibbs, R. A., Deiros, D., Metzker, M., Muzny, D., Reid, J., Wheeler, D., Wang, J., Li, J., Jian, M., Li, G., Li, R., Liang, H., Tian, G., Wang, B., Wang, J., Wang, W., Yang, H., Zhang, X., Zheng, H., Lander, E. S., Altshuler, D. L., Ambrogio, L., Bloom, T., Cibulskis, K., Fennell, T. J., Gabriel, S. B., Jaffe, D. B., Shefler, E., Sougnez, C. L., Bentley, D. R., Gormley, N., Humphray, S., Kingsbury, Z., Koko-Gonzales, P., Stone, J., McKernan, K. J., Costa, G. L., Ichikawa, J. K., Lee, C. C., Sudbrak, R., Lehrach, H., Borodina, T. A., Dahl, A., Davydov, A. N., Marquardt, P., Mertes, F., Nietfeld, W., Rosenstiel, P., Schreiber, S., Soldatov, A. V., Timmermann, B., Tolzmann, M., Egholm, M., Affourtit, J., Ashworth, D., Attiya, S., Bachorski, M., Buglione, E., Burke, A., Caprio, A., Celone, C., Clark, S., Conners, D., Desany, B., Gu, L., Guccione, L., Kao, K., Kebbel, A., Knowlton, J., Labrecque, M., McDade, L., Mealmaker, C., Minderman, M., Nawrocki, A., Niazi, F., Pareja, K., Ramenani, R., Riches, D., Song, W., Turcotte, C., Wang, S., Mardis, E. R., Wilson, R. K., Dooling, D., Fulton, L., Fulton, R., Weinstock, G., Durbin, R. M., Burton, J., Carter, D. M., Churcher, C., Coffey, A., Cox, A., Palotie, A., Quail, M., Skelly, T., Stalker, J., Swerdlow, H. P., Turner, D., De Witte, A., Giles, S., Gibbs, R. A., Wheeler, D., Bainbridge, M., Challis, D., Sabo, A., Yu, F., Yu, J., Wang, J., Fang, X., Guo, X., Li, R., Li, Y., Luo, R., Tai, S., Wu, H., Zheng, H., Zheng, X., Zhou, Y., Li, G., Wang, J., Yang, H., Marth, G. T., Garrison, E. P., Huang, W., Indap, A., Kural, D., Lee, W.-P., Leong, W. F., Quinlan, A. R., Stewart, C., Stromberg, M. P., Ward, A. N., Wu, J., Lee, C., Mills, R. E., Shi, X., Daly, M. J., DePristo, M. A., Altshuler, D. L., Ball, A. D., Banks, E., Bloom, T., Browning, B. L., Cibulskis, K., Fennell, T. J., Garimella, K. V., Grossman, S. R., Handsaker, R. E., Hanna, M., Hartl, C., Jaffe, D. B., Kernytsky, A. M., Korn, J. M., Li, H., Maguire, J. R., McCarroll, S. A., McKenna, A., Nemesh, J. C., Philippakis, A. A., Poplin, R. E., Price, A., Rivas, M. A., Sabeti, P. C., Schaffner, S. F., Shefler, E., Shlyakhter, I. A., Cooper, David Neil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8943-8484, Ball, E. V., Mort, M., Phillips, A. D., Stenson, P. D., Sebat, J., Makarov, V., Ye, K., Yoon, S. C., Bustamante, C. D., Clark, A. G., Boyko, A., Degenhardt, J., Gravel, S., Gutenkunst, R. N., Kaganovich, M., Keinan, A., Lacroute, P., Ma, X., Reynolds, A., Clarke, L., Flicek, P., Cunningham, F., Herrero, J., Keenen, S., Kulesha, E., Leinonen, R., McLaren, W. M., Radhakrishnan, R., Smith, R. E., Zalunin, V., Zheng-Bradley, X., Korbel, J. O., Stutz, A. M., Humphray, S., Bauer, M., Cheetham, R. K., Cox, T., Eberle, M., James, T., Kahn, S., Murray, L., Chakravarti, A., Ye, K., De La Vega, F. M., Fu, Y., Hyland, F. C. L., Manning, J. M., McLaughlin, S. F., Peckham, H. E., Sakarya, O., Sun, Y. A., Tsung, E. F., Batzer, M. A., Konkel, M. K., Walker, J. A., Sudbrak, R., Albrecht, M. W., Amstislavskiy, V. S., Herwig, R., Parkhomchuk, D. V., Sherry, S. T., Agarwala, R., Khouri, H. M., Morgulis, A. O., Paschall, J. E., Phan, L. D., Rotmistrovsky, K. E., Sanders, R. D., Shumway, M. F., Xiao, C., McVean, G. A., Auton, A., Iqbal, Z., Lunter, G., Marchini, J. L., Moutsianas, L., Myers, S., Tumian, A., Desany, B., Knight, J., Winer, R., Craig, D. W., Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M., Christoforides, A., Kurdoglu, A. A., Pearson, J. V., Sinari, S. A., Tembe, W. D., Haussler, D., Hinrichs, A. S., Katzman, S. J., Kern, A., Kuhn, R. M., Przeworski, M., Hernandez, R. D., Howie, B., Kelley, J. L., Melton, S. C., Abecasis, G. R., Li, Y., Anderson, P., Blackwell, T., Chen, W., Cookson, W. O., Ding, J., Kang, H. M., Lathrop, M., Liang, L., Moffatt, M. F., Scheet, P., Sidore, C., Snyder, M., Zhan, X., Zollner, S., Awadalla, P., Casals, F., Idaghdour, Y., Keebler, J., Stone, E. A., Zilversmit, M., Jorde, L., Xing, J., Eichler, E. E., Aksay, G., Alkan, C., Hajirasouliha, I., Hormozdiari, F., Kidd, J. M., Sahinalp, S. C., Sudmant, P. H., Mardis, E. R., Chen, K., Chinwalla, A., Ding, L., Koboldt, D. C., McLellan, M. D., Dooling, D., Weinstock, G., Wallis, J. W., Wendl, M. C., Zhang, Q., Durbin, R. M., Albers, C. A., Ayub, Q., Balasubramaniam, S., Barrett, J. C., Carter, D. M., Chen, Y., Conrad, D. F., Danecek, P., Dermitzakis, E. T., Hu, M., Huang, N., Hurles, M. E., Jin, H., Jostins, L., Keane, T. M., Le, S. Q., Lindsay, S., Long, Q., MacArthur, D. G., Montgomery, S. B., Parts, L., Stalker, J., Tyler-Smith, C., Walter, K., Zhang, Y., Gerstein, M. B., Snyder, M., Abyzov, A., Balasubramanian, S., Bjornson, R., Du, J., Grubert, F., Habegger, L., Haraksingh, R., Jee, J., Khurana, E., Lam, H. Y. K., Leng, J., Mu, X. J., Urban, A. E., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Luo, R., Marth, G. T., Garrison, E. P., Kural, D., Quinlan, A. R., Stewart, C., Stromberg, M. P., Ward, A. N., Wu, J., Lee, C., Mills, R. E., Shi, X., McCarroll, S. A., Banks, E., DePristo, M. A., Handsaker, R. E., Hartl, C., Korn, J. M., Li, H., Nemesh, J. C., Sebat, J., Makarov, V., Ye, K., Yoon, S. C., Degenhardt, J., Kaganovich, M., Clarke, L., Smith, R. E., Zheng-Bradley, X., Korbel, J. O., Humphray, S., Cheetham, R. K., Eberle, M., Kahn, S., Murray, L., Ye, K., De La Vega, F. M., Fu, Y., Peckham, H. E., Sun, Y. A., Batzer, M. A., Konkel, M. K., Walker, J. A., Xiao, C., Iqbal, Z., Desany, B., Blackwell, T., Snyder, M., Xing, J., Eichler, E. E., Aksay, G., Alkan, C., Hajirasouliha, I., Hormozdiari, F., Kidd, J. M., Chen, K., Chinwalla, A., Ding, L., McLellan, M. D., Wallis, J. W., Hurles, M. E., Conrad, D. F., Walter, K., Zhang, Y., Gerstein, M. B., Snyder, M., Abyzov, A., Du, J., Grubert, F., Haraksingh, R., Jee, J., Khurana, E., Lam, H. Y. K., Leng, J., Mu, X. J., Urban, A. E., Zhang, Z., Gibbs, R. A., Bainbridge, M., Challis, D., Coafra, C., Dinh, H., Kovar, C., Lee, S., Muzny, D., Nazareth, L., Reid, J., Sabo, A., Yu, F., Yu, J., Marth, G. T., Garrison, E. P., Indap, A., Leong, W. F., Quinlan, A. R., Stewart, C., Ward, A. N., Wu, J., Cibulskis, K., Fennell, T. J., Gabriel, S. B., Garimella, K. V., Hartl, C., Shefler, E., Sougnez, C. L., Wilkinson, J., Clark, A. G., Gravel, S., Grubert, F., Clarke, L., Flicek, P., Smith, R. E., Zheng-Bradley, X., Sherry, S. T., Khouri, H. M., Paschall, J. E., Shumway, M. F., Xiao, C., McVean, G. A., Katzman, S. J., Abecasis, G. R., Blackwell, T., Mardis, E. R., Dooling, D., Fulton, L., Fulton, R., Koboldt, D. C., Durbin, R. M., Balasubramaniam, S., Coffey, A., Keane, T. M., MacArthur, D. G., Palotie, A., Scott, C., Stalker, J., Tyler-Smith, C., Gerstein, M. B., Balasubramanian, S., Chakravarti, A., Knoppers, B. M., Abecasis, G. R., Bustamante, C. D., Gharani, N., Gibbs, R. A., Jorde, L., Kaye, J. S., Kent, A., Li, T., McGuire, A. L., McVean, G. A., Ossorio, P. N., Rotimi, C. N., Su, Y., Toji, L. H., TylerSmith, C., Brooks, L. D., Felsenfeld, A. L., McEwen, J. E., Abdallah, A., Juenger, C. R., Clemm, N. C., Collins, F. S., Duncanson, A., Green, E. D., Guyer, M. S., Peterson, J. L., Schafer, A. J., Abecasis, G. R., Altshuler, D. L., Auton, A., Brooks, L. D., Durbin, R. M., Gibbs, R. A., Hurles, M. E. and McVean, G. A. 2011. Demographic history and rare allele sharing among human populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (29) , pp. 11983-11988. 10.1073/pnas.1019276108

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Abstract

High-throughput sequencing technology enables population-level surveys of human genomic variation. Here, we examine the joint allele frequency distributions across continental human populations and present an approach for combining complementary aspects of whole-genome, low-coverage data and targeted high-coverage data. We apply this approach to data generated by the pilot phase of the Thousand Genomes Project, including whole-genome 2–4× coverage data for 179 samples from HapMap European, Asian, and African panels as well as high-coverage target sequencing of the exons of 800 genes from 697 individuals in seven populations. We use the site frequency spectra obtained from these data to infer demographic parameters for an Out-of-Africa model for populations of African, European, and Asian descent and to predict, by a jackknife-based approach, the amount of genetic diversity that will be discovered as sample sizes are increased. We predict that the number of discovered nonsynonymous coding variants will reach 100,000 in each population after ∼1,000 sequenced chromosomes per population, whereas ∼2,500 chromosomes will be needed for the same number of synonymous variants. Beyond this point, the number of segregating sites in the European and Asian panel populations is expected to overcome that of the African panel because of faster recent population growth. Overall, we find that the majority of human genomic variable sites are rare and exhibit little sharing among diverged populations. Our results emphasize that replication of disease association for specific rare genetic variants across diverged populations must overcome both reduced statistical power because of rarity and higher population divergence.

Item Type: Article
Date Type: Publication
Status: Published
Schools: Medicine
Subjects: R Medicine > R Medicine (General)
Uncontrolled Keywords: demographic inference; genetic drift; population genetics; human evolution
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
ISSN: 0027-8424
Last Modified: 19 Oct 2022 10:35
URI: https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/24889

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