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Solid-state structural properties of alloxazine determined from powder XRD data in conjunction with DFT-D calculations and solid-state NMR spectroscopy: unraveling the tautomeric identity and pathways for tautomeric interconversion

Smalley, Christopher J. H., Logsdail, Andrew J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-415X, Hughes, Colan E., Iuga, Dinu, Young, Mark T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9615-9002 and Harris, Kenneth D. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7855-8598 2022. Solid-state structural properties of alloxazine determined from powder XRD data in conjunction with DFT-D calculations and solid-state NMR spectroscopy: unraveling the tautomeric identity and pathways for tautomeric interconversion. Crystal Growth and Design 22 (1) , pp. 524-534. 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01114

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Abstract

We report the solid-state structural properties of alloxazine, a tricyclic ring system found in many biologically important molecules, with structure determination carried out directly from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. As the crystal structures containing the alloxazine and isoalloxazine tautomers both give a high-quality fit to the powder XRD data in Rietveld refinement, other techniques are required to establish the tautomeric form in the solid state. In particular, high-resolution solid-state 15N NMR data support the presence of the alloxazine tautomer, based on comparison between isotropic chemical shifts in the experimental 15N NMR spectrum and the corresponding values calculated for the crystal structures containing the alloxazine and isoalloxazine tautomers. Furthermore, periodic DFT-D calculations at the PBE0-MBD level indicate that the crystal structure containing the alloxazine tautomer has significantly lower energy. We also report computational investigations of the interconversion between the tautomeric forms in the crystal structure via proton transfer along two intermolecular N–H···N hydrogen bonds; DFT-D calculations at the PBE0-MBD level indicate that the tautomeric interconversion is associated with a lower energy transition state for a mechanism involving concerted (rather than sequential) proton transfer along the two hydrogen bonds. However, based on the relative energies of the crystal structures containing the alloxazine and isoalloxazine tautomers, it is estimated that under conditions of thermal equilibrium at ambient temperature, more than 99.9% of the molecules in the crystal structure will exist as the alloxazine tautomer.

Item Type: Article
Date Type: Publication
Status: Published
Schools: Chemistry
Cardiff Catalysis Institute (CCI)
Advanced Research Computing @ Cardiff (ARCCA)
Publisher: American Chemical Society
ISSN: 1528-7483
Funders: EPSRC and UKRI
Date of First Compliant Deposit: 25 November 2021
Date of Acceptance: 28 October 2021
Last Modified: 07 May 2023 04:37
URI: https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/145750

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