An exploration into the causal relationships between educational attainment, intelligence, and wellbeing: an observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation study

Armitage, Jessica ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-9956, Wootton, Robyn, Davis, Oliver S. P. and Haworth, Claire M. A. 2024. An exploration into the causal relationships between educational attainment, intelligence, and wellbeing: an observational and two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. npj Mental Health Research 3 , 23. 10.1038/s44184-024-00066-x

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Abstract

Educational attainment is associated with a range of positive outcomes, yet its impact on wellbeing is unclear, and complicated by high correlations with intelligence. We use genetic and observational data to investigate for the first time, whether educational attainment and intelligence are causally and independently related to wellbeing. Results from our multivariable Mendelian randomisation demonstrated a positive causal impact of a genetic predisposition to higher educational attainment on wellbeing that remained after accounting for intelligence, and a negative impact of intelligence that was independent of educational attainment. Observational analyses suggested that these associations may be subject to sex differences, with benefits to wellbeing greater for females who attend higher education compared to males. For intelligence, males scoring more highly on measures related to happiness were those with lower intelligence. Our findings demonstrate a unique benefit for wellbeing of staying in school, over and above improving cognitive abilities, with benefits likely to be greater for females compared to males.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Medicine
Publisher:	Springer
ISSN:	2731-4251
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	10 May 2024
Date of Acceptance:	1 April 2024
Last Modified:	10 May 2024 08:45
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/168813

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