Polymerase chain reaction on respiratory tract specimens of immunocompromised patients to diagnose pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Brown, Lottie, Rautemaa-Richardson, Riina, Mengoli, Carlo, Alanio, Alexandre, Barnes, Rosemary A., Bretagne, Stéphane, Chen, Sharon C. A., Cordonnier, Catherine, Donnelly, J. Peter, Heinz, Werner J., Jones, Brian, Klingspor, Lena, Loeffler, Juergen, Rogers, Thomas R., Rowbotham, Eleanor, White, P. Lewis and Cruciani, Mario 2024. Polymerase chain reaction on respiratory tract specimens of immunocompromised patients to diagnose pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 79 (1) , pp. 161-168. 10.1093/cid/ciae239

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Abstract

Background. This meta-analysis examines the comparative diagnostic performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) on different respiratory tract samples, in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV populations. Methods. A total of 55 articles met inclusion criteria, including 11 434 PCR assays on respiratory specimens from 7835 patients at risk of PCP. QUADAS-2 tool indicated low risk of bias across all studies. Using a bivariate and random-effects meta-regression analysis, the diagnostic performance of PCR against the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer–Mycoses Study Group definition of proven PCP was examined. Results. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provided the highest pooled sensitivity of 98.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96.8%–99.5%), adequate specificity of 89.3% (95% CI, 84.4%–92.7%), negative likelihood ratio (LR−) of 0.014, and positive likelihood ratio (LR+ ) of 9.19. qPCR on induced sputum provided similarly high sensitivity of 99.0% (95% CI, 94.4%–99.3%) but a reduced specificity of 81.5% (95% CI, 72.1%–88.3%), LR− of 0.024, and LR+ of 5.30. qPCR on upper respiratory tract samples provided lower sensitivity of 89.2% (95% CI, 71.0%–96.5%), high specificity of 90.5% (95% CI, 80.9%– 95.5%), LR− of 0.120, and LR+ of 9.34. There was no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity of PCR according to HIV status of patients. Conclusions. On deeper respiratory tract specimens, PCR negativity can be used to confidently exclude PCP, but PCR positivity will likely require clinical interpretation to distinguish between colonization and active infection, partially dependent on the strength of the PCR signal (indicative of fungal burden), the specimen type, and patient population tested.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Medicine
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
ISSN:	1058-4838
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	15 August 2024
Date of Acceptance:	8 April 2024
Last Modified:	16 Aug 2024 12:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/171422

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