ALMA-IMF. XIV. Free–free templates derived from H41 α and ionized gas content in 15 massive protoclusters

Galván-Madrid, Roberto, Díaz-González, Daniel J., Motte, Frédérique, Ginsburg, Adam, Cunningham, Nichol, Menten, Karl M., Armante, Mélanie, Bonfand, Mélisse, Braine, Jonathan, Csengeri, Timea, Dell’Ova, Pierre, Louvet, Fabien, Nony, Thomas, Rivera-Soto, Rudy, Sanhueza, Patricio, Stutz, Amelia M., Wyrowski, Friedrich, Álvarez-Gutiérrez, Rodrigo H., Baug, Tapas, Bontemps, Sylvain, Bronfman, Leonardo, Fernández-López, Manuel, Gusdorf, Antoine, Koley, Atanu, Liu, Hong-Li, Salinas, Javiera, Towner, Allison P. M. and Whitworth, Anthony P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-5486 2024. ALMA-IMF. XIV. Free–free templates derived from H41 α and ionized gas content in 15 massive protoclusters. The Astrophysical Journal: Supplement Series 274 (1) , 15. 10.3847/1538-4365/ad61e6

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Abstract

We use the H41α recombination line to create templates of the millimeter free–free emission in the ALMA-IMF continuum maps, which allows us to separate it from dust emission. This method complements spectral-index information and extrapolation from centimeter-wavelength maps. We use the derived maps to estimate the properties of up to 34 H ii regions across the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. The hydrogen ionizing photon rate Q 0 and spectral types follow the evolutionary trend proposed by Motte et al. The youngest protoclusters lack detectable ionized gas, followed by protoclusters with increasing numbers of OB stars. The total Q 0 increases from ∼1045 s−1 to >1049 s−1. We used the adjacent He41α line to measure the relative number abundances of helium, finding values consistent with the Galactic interstellar medium, although a few outliers are discussed. A search for sites of maser amplification of the H41α line returned negative results. We looked for possible correlations between the electron densities, emission measures, and Q 0 with H ii region size D. The latter is the best correlated, with Q 0 ∝ D 2.49 ± 0.18. This favors interpretations in which smaller ultracompact H ii regions are not necessarily the less dynamically evolved versions of larger ones but rather are ionized by less massive stars. Moderate correlations were found between the dynamical width ΔV dyn with D and Q 0. ΔV dyn increases from about 1 to 2 times the ionized-gas sound speed. Finally, an outlier H ii region south of W43-MM2 is discussed. We suggest that this source could harbor an embedded stellar or disk wind.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Physics and Astronomy
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Type: cc-by
Publisher:	American Astronomical Society
ISSN:	0067-0049
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	5 September 2024
Date of Acceptance:	28 June 2024
Last Modified:	05 Sep 2024 09:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/171828

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