The neutral gas phase nearest to supermassive black holes

Thi, W.-F. and Papadopoulos, P. P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0390-4596 2024. The neutral gas phase nearest to supermassive black holes. Astronomy & Astrophysics 688 , L20. 10.1051/0004-6361/202449905

PDF - Published Version Available under License Creative Commons Attribution. Download (675kB)

Abstract

Context. Broad line regions (BLRs) are known to contain gravitationally bound gas within a r∼(few) × (102 − 103) Schwarszchild radii (RS) near supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Photo-ionized by a strong non-stellar AGN continuum, this gas emits luminous ultraviolet/optical/near-infrared lines from ionized hydrogen (and other multi-ionized atoms) that have the widest velocity profiles observed in galaxies, uniquely indicating the deep gravitational wells of SMBHs. Aims. Nearly all BLR studies focus on its ionized gas phase (hereafter BLR+), with typical masses of only ∼(few) × (10–100) M⊙, despite strong indications of neutral BLR gas reservoirs (hereafter, BLR0) with MBLR0 ∼ 105−6 M⊙. Methods. We used the photoionization code CLOUDY, with its chemistry augmented using three-body reactions, to explore 1D models of dustless BLRs, focusing on the BLR0 conditions and the abundances of its most prevalent neutral atoms and molecules. Results. A (neutral-atom-) and molecule-rich BLR0 gas phase is found to be underlying the BLR+. The latter occupies only a thin outer layer of AGN-irradiated gas column densities, while the former contains the bulk of the BLR gas mass. Atomic carbon and oxygen as well as the CO molecule can reach substantial abundances in the BLR0, while their lines at infrared (IR) and submillimeter (submm) wavelengths can yield new probes of the BLR physical conditions and dynamics, unhindered by the dust absorption from outer AGN tori that readily absorb the BLR+ optical and far-ultraviolet (FUV) lines. Conclusions. We find that neutral-atom-rich and even molecule-rich gas can exist in the BLR0. The corresponding spectral lines from neutral atoms and molecules promise a new spectral window of gas dynamics in the vicinity of SMBHs unhindered by dust absorption. This may even offer the prospect of conducting novel tests of general relativity in strongly curved spacetime.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Physics and Astronomy
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
ISSN:	0004-6361
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	11 September 2024
Date of Acceptance:	9 July 2024
Last Modified:	12 Sep 2024 11:01
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/172033

Actions (repository staff only)

Edit Item