Investigation of biocrude production from spirulina via catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction with the Ru/ZrO2−SiO2 catalyst

Lu, Shuai, Wang, Shaobo, Zhang, Jinglai, Xian, Guang, Qian, Yichi and Du, Hongbiao 2025. Investigation of biocrude production from spirulina via catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction with the Ru/ZrO2−SiO2 catalyst. ACS Omega 10 (2) , 1966–1975. 10.1021/acsomega.4c07632

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Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for converting wet biomass to liquid fuels. However, the biocrude yield and quality in this process are unsatisfactory without catalysts. Herein, a Ru/ZrO2–SiO2 catalyst was prepared with the NaBH4 reducing method for the HTL of Spirulina. The results demonstrated the successful deposition of Ru particles onto the ZrO2–SiO2 carrier, resulting in improved crystallinity and a more stable internal structure. The effect of different loading ratios of Ru particles on biocrude production was investigated. The findings revealed a gradual decrease in biocrude yield with increasing loading ratio of Ru particles. Meanwhile, the energy recovery (ER) rate exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a peak of 67.51% observed at a 4‰ loading molar ratio. The GC–MS results indicated an increase in hydrocarbon content, accompanied by a decrease in carboxylic acids and esters, demonstrating the hydrodeoxygenation effect of Ru. Additionally, the impact of the Ru/ZrO2–SiO2 dosage on the HTL of Spirulina was examined. The highest biocrude yield of 53.89% was attained with a 15% catalyst dosage, while the highest ER rate of 68.29% was observed at a 10% catalyst dosage.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Chemistry
Publisher:	American Chemical Society
ISSN:	2470-1343
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	7 February 2025
Date of Acceptance:	25 December 2024
Last Modified:	10 Feb 2025 10:16
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/176025

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