A comparison of physical characteristics in different brands and staining techniques in a brand of lissamine green strips

Ghorbani-Mojarrad, Neema, Wolffsohn, James S., Craig, Jennifer P., Dutta, Debarun, Huntjens, Byki, Hussain, Raheel, Khan, Zarghona, Raja, Shoaib, Ibrahim, Mohammed, Godfrey, Thomas, Alderson, Alison, Evans, Katharine, Joshi, Mahesh, Maldonado-Codina, Carole, Nagra, Manbir, Martin, Elidh, Sweeney, Laura, Terry, Louise ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6200-8230, Dunning, Dean and Vianya-Estopa, Marta 2025. A comparison of physical characteristics in different brands and staining techniques in a brand of lissamine green strips. Journal of Clinical Medicine 14 (6) , 2022. 10.3390/jcm14062022

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare differences in the physical characteristics of lissamine green (LG) strips and the outcomes of using different staining techniques. Methods: Two separate complementary investigations were conducted. Physical study: Differences between four LG strips were evaluated in terms of material, dye concentration, and dye absorption. In vivo study: Bulbar conjunctival staining was compared for four application methods of I-DEW LG strips presented in a randomized order for twenty-two participants: (1) single application 5 s after wetting (also repeated using GreenGlo for comparison), (2) single application using two strips held together, 5 s after wetting, (3) two applications using a single LG strip 5 s after wetting, 1 minute apart, (4) the same as method 3, with a single fluorescein strip in between LG applications. White light imaging was performed immediately following application and after 30, 60, 90, and 300 s. Three masked practitioners independently evaluated the randomized staining images for spot count and staining intensity. Results: Physical study: Strip paper fibres demonstrated visible similarities, with no difference in saline absorption (p > 0.05). LG concentration increased as saline retention duration increased (F = 964.1, p < 0.001), and GreenGlo tips were significantly darker (F = 2775.2, p < 0.001). In vivo study: I-DEW application resulted in less conjunctival staining than GreenGlo (p < 0.001). Amongst I-DEW application techniques, staining levels were similar (p > 0.05); however, staining intensity was significantly higher following two applications of I-DEW, 1 min apart, compared to a single application (p = 0.042). Both spot count and staining intensity decreased with time (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Two applications of I-DEW using a single strip, 1 min apart, after wetting with a single drop of saline provided maximal staining. There was also a significant difference in staining intensity observed between LG products.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Optometry and Vision Sciences
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Start Date: 2025-03-17
Publisher:	MDPI
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	27 March 2025
Date of Acceptance:	7 March 2025
Last Modified:	27 Mar 2025 17:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/177223

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