Comparative analysis of cannabis legalization in South Africa and Zimbabwe: trajectories, commonalities, and divergences

Howell, Simon and Rusenga, Clemence 2025. Comparative analysis of cannabis legalization in South Africa and Zimbabwe: trajectories, commonalities, and divergences. Journal of Illicit Economies and Development 7 (2) , pp. 70-84. 10.31389/jied.283

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Abstract

The legalization of cannabis, a subject of significant socio-economic and legal interest, has prompted diverse approaches across different nations. This article presents a comprehensive examination of the legalization processes in South Africa and Zimbabwe, two African countries with distinct yet interlinked histories and socio-political contexts. Using qualitative interview data and documentary analysis, it provides an in-depth comparative analysis examining the unique pathways each country has followed in the legalization of cannabis, highlighting the commonalities, differences, and possible impacts on livelihoods and each economy. In South Africa, the journey towards legalization gained momentum following a landmark Constitutional Court ruling in 2018, which decriminalized private cannabis use and cultivation. This decision, rooted in rights-based arguments around privacy, ignited a broader discussion about the socio-economic benefits of legalization, particularly in the context of historical injustices and economic disparities. South Africa’s approach has been characterized by a gradual, cautious transition, balancing public health concerns with potential economic opportunities in the cannabis industry. In contrast, Zimbabwe’s decision in 2018 to legalize the cultivation of cannabis for medicinal and industrial purposes marked a significant shift, primarily aimed at boosting economic growth and diversifying agricultural exports. This move, while economically motivated, also reflects Zimbabwe’s efforts to leverage cannabis as a strategic cash crop to boost the struggling economy worsened by western-imposed economic restrictions, maladministration and corruption, among other factors. The comparative analysis reveals both similarities and divergences in the legal frameworks, public discourse, and implementation strategies of cannabis legalization in these nations.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Social Sciences (Includes Criminology and Education)
ISSN:	2516-7227
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	29 September 2025
Date of Acceptance:	6 March 2025
Last Modified:	29 Sep 2025 10:30
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/181377

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