Microscopic evidence of haze formation during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing: Insights from physicochemical properties

Li, Wenjun, Shao, Longyi, Jones, Timothy P., Li, Hong, Zhang, Daizhou, Li, Weijun, Gao, Jian, Santosh, M., Yang, Shushen and BeruBe, Kelly ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-7229 2025. Microscopic evidence of haze formation during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing: Insights from physicochemical properties. Toxics Item availability restricted.

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic emerging in early 2020 triggered global responses. In China, stringent lockdown measures were implemented to suppress the rapid spread of infection, resulting in substantial reductions in anthropogenic emissions. However, several atmospheric haze episodes still occurred. Previous studies have investigated the cause of these haze events predominantly based on the average concentration obtained from bulk analysis, while the micro-scale structure and composition of the haze particles remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the morphology and elemental composition of individual airborne particles collected from an urban area of Beijing in early 2020 using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. The results show that sulfur-dominant, ultrafine, and mixed particles were the most abundant types during the pollution process. Reduced human activities corresponded with a lower percentage of anthropogenic-derived soot, organic particles, and metal-containing particles. Atmospheric aging analysis demonstrated that secondary aerosols were the most significant component during the haze events. The pro- portion of core–shell particles increased with the intensification of the pollution, while the core/shell ratio of the particles decreased, suggesting a substantial contribution of secondary aerosols to the haze formation. Despite reductions in anthropogenic emissions, larger proportions of secondary aerosol formation enhanced aerosol aging and thereby caused episodic haze pollution during the lockdown period.

Item Type:	Article
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Earth and Environmental Sciences
Publisher:	MDPI
ISSN:	2305-6304
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	12 December 2025
Date of Acceptance:	1 December 2025
Last Modified:	15 Dec 2025 16:46
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/183178

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