Preventing gambling‐related harm in adolescents (PRoGRAM‐A), a secondary school‐based social network intervention: Results from a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Dobbie, Fiona, Miller, Martine, Niven, Angela, Wardle, Heather, Weir, Christopher, Ensor, Hannah, Stoddart, Andrew, Griffiths, Dave, Noble, Leon, Purves, Richard and White, James ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-8453 2025. Preventing gambling‐related harm in adolescents (PRoGRAM‐A), a secondary school‐based social network intervention: Results from a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Addiction 10.1111/add.70267

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Abstract

Aim: To conduct a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) of a gambling prevention intervention (PRoGRAM‐A) among young people aged 13–15 to determine the utility of conducting a Phase III RCT assessing effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness. Design: Two‐arm, pilot cluster randomised controlled trial with an embedded process evaluation, health economic scoping study and social network analysis. Six schools were identified based on Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and school roll size. Schools were randomised to either intervention (n = 4) or control (n = 2). The trial was delivered between October 2023 and November 2024. Setting: Six state funded secondary schools in Scotland (four intervention, two control). Participants: Students (intervention n = 762, and control n = 352) in secondary school year 3 (aged 13–15 years old). Intervention and comparator: PRoGRAM‐A (Preventing Gambling Related Harm in Adolescents), a peer‐led social network intervention to protect young people, their friends and family members from gambling related harm (GRH). Control schools delivered their standard Personal, Social, Health and Education (PSHE) curriculum, which did not include any form of gambling education. Measurements: The primary outcome of this study was whether progression to a full‐scale Phase III cRCT was warranted, using pre‐set progression criteria. These criteria sought to address uncertainties in the intervention and cRCT design with thresholds set according to a traffic light system. Findings: All five progression criteria were met. All schools were recruited and retained in the study with minimal missing outcome data. The process evaluation indicated that PRoGRAM‐A was acceptable to multiple stakeholders and delivered with fidelity to the delivery manual. The proposed primary outcome for a future Phase III cRCT was self‐reported gambling participation (measured by asking about types of gambling participation ‘in the last 4 weeks’ and ‘in the last 12 months'). This pilot study found no statictically significant differences between the control and intervention groups at follow‐up. Conclusions: The school‐based gambling prevention intervention PRoGRAM‐A appears to be an acceptable intervention which can be delivered with high fidelity. The trial methods were acceptable with all settings recruited and retained. Progression to a larger randomised controlled trial to test effectiveness and costs effectiveness is warranted.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Medicine Research Institutes & Centres > Centre for Trials Research (CNTRR)
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Publisher:	Wiley
ISSN:	0965-2140
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	18 December 2025
Date of Acceptance:	10 October 2025
Last Modified:	18 Dec 2025 10:45
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/183348

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