PHANGS-JWST: The largest extragalactic molecular cloud catalog traced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission

Bazzi, Z., Colombo, D., Bigiel, F., Leroy, A.K., Rosolowsky, E., Sandstrom, K., Duarte-Cabral, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5259-4774, Faustino Vieira, H., Kobayashi, M.I.N., He, H., Meidt, S.E., Barnes, A.T., Klessen, R.S., Glover, S.C.O., Thorp, M.D., Pan, H.-A., Chown, R., Smith, R.J., Dale, D.A., Williams, T.G., Amiri, A., Dlamini, S., Chastenet, J., Sarbadhicary, S.K., Hughes, A., Lee, J.C., Hands, L. and The PHANGS collaboration 2025. PHANGS-JWST: The largest extragalactic molecular cloud catalog traced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission. Astronomy & Astrophysics 10.1051/0004-6361/202555925

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Abstract

High-resolution JWST images of nearby spiral galaxies reveal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) structures that potentially trace molecular clouds, even CO-dark regions. In this paper, we identify ISM cloud structures in PHANGS-JWST 7.7μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission maps for 66 galaxies smoothed to a common physical resolution of 30 pc and at native resolution. We extracted 108,466 cloud structures in the 30 pc sample and 146,040 clouds in the native resolution sample. We then calculated their molecular properties following a linear conversion from PAH to CO. Given the tendency for clouds in galaxy centers to overlap in velocity space, we opted to flag these and omit them from the analysis in this work. The remaining clouds correspond to giant molecular clouds (GMCs), such as those detected in CO(2 1) emission by ALMA, or lower surface density clouds that either fall below the ALMA detection limits of existing maps or genuinely have no molecular counterpart. We specifically used the homogenized sample for our analysis. Upon cross-matching the PAH clouds to ALMA CO clouds at a homogenized resolution of 90 pc in 27 galaxies, we find that 41 % of the PAH clouds are associated with a CO counterpart. We also show that the converted molecular cloud properties of the PAH clouds do not differ much when compared in different galactic environments. However, outside the central environment, the highest molecular mass surface density clouds are preferentially found in spiral arms. We further apply a lognormal fit to the mass spectra to an unprecedented extragalactic completeness limit of 2 103 M , and find that spiral arms contain the most massive clouds compared to other galactic environments. Our findings support the idea that spiral arm gravitational potentials foster the formation of high surface density clouds, and lower surface density clouds form in the interarm regions. The cloud Σmol values show a decline of a factor of 1.5 2 towards the outer 2 3 Re. However, the trend largely varies in individual galaxies, with flat, decreasing, and even no trend as a function of R gal . Factors like large-scale processes, galaxy types, and morphologies might influence the observed trends. We note that combining homogenized molecular properties of individual galaxies leads to the loss of information about the physical processes that are driving deviations in trends of those properties across different galactic environments. We publish two catalogs online, one at the common resolution of 30 pc and another at the native resolution. We expect them to have broad utility for future PAH clouds, molecular clouds, and star formation studies.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Physics and Astronomy
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
ISSN:	0004-6361
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	9 January 2026
Date of Acceptance:	7 November 2025
Last Modified:	09 Jan 2026 10:45
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/183753

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