Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study

Kang, Jiseung, Kim, Hyeon Jin, Kim, Min Seo, undefined, undefined, Il Shin, Jae, Aalruz, Hasan, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbas, Nasir, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, ElHafeez, Samar Abd, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdollahi, Arash, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño, Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abtahi, Dariush, Abubakar, Ibrahim Jatau, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Adane, Mesafint Molla, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adeleke, Olumide Thomas, Adewuyi, Habeeb Omoponle, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adhikari, Kishor, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Alajlani, Muaaz M., Al-Amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Albashtawy, Mohammed, Aldhaleei, Wafa A., Algammal, Abdelazeem M., Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Naji, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Syed Shujait, Ali, Mohammad Daud, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Al-Jabi, Samah W., Alrawashdeh, Ahmad, Al-Rifai, Rami H., Alrousan, Sahel Majed, Alshahrani, Najim Z., Al-Tammemi, Alaa B., Al Thaher, Yazan, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Al-Wardat, Mohammad, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Alzoubi, Karem H., Al-Zyoud, Walid A., Amiri, Sohrab, Amrollahi-Sharifabadi, Mohammad, Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi, Anil, Abhishek, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola, Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen, Arabloo, Jalal, Araújo, Ana Margarida, Ardani, Irfan, Areda, Demelash, Armocida, Benedetta, Arooj, Mahwish, Artamonov, Anton A., Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad, Ashraf, Tahira, Aslam, Muhammad Shahzad, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atreya, Alok, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ayana, Lemessa Assefa A., Azzam, Ahmed Y., Baghcheghi, Nayereh, Bagheri, Nasser, Bahreini, Razieh, Bai, Ruhai, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Baran, Mehmet Firat, Bardhan, Mainak, Barqawiil, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Bashiri, Azadeh, Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi, Behnam, Babak, Bemanalizadeh, Maryam, Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C., Beyene, Kebede A., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh, Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Biswas, Monirujjaman, Boachie, Micheal Kofi, Boloor, Archith, Borges, Guilherme, Bouaoud, Souad, Brunoni, Andre R., Burns, Richard A., Bustanji, Yasser, Butt, Zahid A., Barsbay, Mehtap Çakmak, Calina, Daniela, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cao, Chao, Capodici, Angelo, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Caye, Arthur, Chakraborty, Chiranjib, Chandika, Rama Mohan, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad, Chauhan, Dhun, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Chen, Lingxiao, Chi, Gerald, Chichagi, Fatemeh, Ching, Patrick R., Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo, Chong, Bryan, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Clark, Scott Richard, D’Amico, Emanuele, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Darcho, Samuel Demissie, Dargan, Paul I., Soltani, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh, Demant, Daniel, Dervišević, Emina, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Deuba, Keshab, Dhane, Amol S., Ding, Delaney D., Dohare, Sushil, Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai, Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai, Dowou, Robert Kokou, Duraisamy, Senbagam, Eboreime, Ejemai, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Edvardsson, Kristina, Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz, Eghbali, Foolad, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed, El Arab, Rabie Adel, El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elsohaby, Ibrahim, Etaee, Farshid, Fadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun, Fagbule, Omotayo Francis, Fahim, Ayesha, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farinha, Carla Sofia e. Sá, Faro, Andre, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Feizkhah, Alireza, Fekadu, Ginenus, Ferrari, Allegra, Ferreira, Nuno, Fetensa, Getahun, Fischer, Florian, Fitriana, Ida, Flor, Luisa S., Foroutan, Behzad, Rodrigues, Celia Fortuna, Foschi, Matteo, Friedman, Joseph, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gandhi, Aravind P., Ganesan, Balasankar, Gautam, Prem, Gebregergis, Miglas Welay, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Getahun, Genanew K., Ghadirian, Fataneh, Ghailan, Khalid Yaser, Ghalichi, Leila, Gil, Artyom Urievich, Girmay, Alem Abera, Grada, Ayman, Guan, Shi-Yang, Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa, Gunturu, Sasidhar, Gupta, Anish Kumar, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Sapna, Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven, Haddadi, Rasool, Haghmorad, Dariush, Hammoud, Ahmad, Handanagic, Senad, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasnain, Md Saquib, Hedna, Khedidja, Heidari, Mohammad, Hezam, Kamal, Hossain, Mohammad Bellal, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hu, Chengxi, Huang, Junjie, Ikiroma, Adalia, Immurana, Mustapha, Inok, Arit, Iravanpour, Farideh, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islam, Md Rabiul, Jacob, Louis, Jahrami, Haitham, Jain, Akhil, Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, Jaka, Sanobar, Yengejeh, Reza Jalilzadeh, Jayasinghe, Ruwan Duminda, Ji, Zixiang, Moghadam, Mohammad Mehdi Johari, Joseph, Nitin, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Vaishali, K., Kabir, Zubair, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalan, Ebbie, Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir, Kamath, Ashwin, Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam, Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, Kantar, Rami S., Kapoor, Neeti, Karimi, Yeganeh, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalid, Asaad, Khan, Mohammad Jobair, Khan, Ajmal, Khatab, Khaled, Khatatbeh, Haitham, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khokhar, Manoj, Kifle, Zemene Demelash, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Shivakumar, K. M., Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Koohestani, Hamid Reza, Koscik, Michal, Kostev, Karel, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Krishan, Kewal, Krishna, Varun, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kuddus, Mohammed, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, Kumar, Dewesh, Kumar, Rakesh, Kumar, Manasi, Kundu, Satyajit, Kusuma, Dian, Kyei, Evans F., Kyei-Arthur, Frank, Kytö, Ville, Lanfranchi, Francesco, Lasrado, Savita, Khanh-Dao Le, Long, Ledda, Caterina, Lee, Seung Won, Lee, Wei-Chen, Legesse, Samson Mideksa, Li, Zhihui, Ligade, Virendra S., Lin, Jialing, Llanaj, Erand, Lonimath, Ashwini, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Lunze, Karsten, Mabrok, Mahmoud, Mahalleh, Mehrdad, Majeed, Azeem, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Marasini, Bishnu P., Maravilla, Joemer C., Martinez-Piedra, Ramon, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzo, Roy Rillera, Maulik, Pallab K., Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehmood, Asim, Meles, Hadush Negash, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Meylakhs, Peter, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R., Minervini, Giuseppe, Mini, GK, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohamed, Nouh Saad, Mohamed, Jama, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Mustapha, Mohan, Syam, Mokdad, Ali H., Molinaro, Sabrina, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi, Moradi, Yousef, Motaghinejad, Majid, Motappa, Rohith, Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi, Mubarik, Sumaira, Muniyandi, Malaisamy, Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham, Muthu, Sathish, Myung, Woojae, Naghavi, Pirouz, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Najdaghi, Soroush, Nargus, Shumaila, Davani, Delaram Narimani, Nascimento, Gustavo G., Natto, Zuhair S., Nauman, Javaid, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nayak, Vinod C., Nazri-Panjaki, Athare, Nguyen, Phuong The, Nikoobar, Ali, Niranjan, Vikram, Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles, Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed, Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Oancea, Bogdan, Obamiro, Kehinde O., Odetokun, Ismail A., Oduro, Michael Safo, Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O. D., Okeke, Sylvester Reuben, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes, Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris, Bali, Ahmed Omar, Ordak, Michal, Orish, Verner N., Ortiz-Prado, Esteban, Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi, Ouyahia, Amel, Mahesh, P. A., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palma-Alvarez, Raul Felipe, Panda, Sujogya Kumar, Katare, Deepshikha Pande, Pandey, Ashok, Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R., Panos, Georgios D., Pantazopoulos, Ioannis, Papadopoulou, Paraskevi, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Utsav, Parikh, Romil R., Park, Sungchul, Pashaei, Ava, Passera, Roberto, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Patel, Jay, Patil, Shankargouda, Pawar, Shrikant, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Peden, Amy E., Peprah, Prince, Pereira, Gavin, Pereira, Maria Odete, Pereira, Marcos, Perna, Simone, Pham, Hoang Nhat, Philip, Anil K., Phillips, Michael R., Plotnikov, Evgenii, Poluru, Ramesh, Pourshams, Akram, Prabhu, Disha, Prates, Elton Junio Sady, Puvvula, Jagadeesh, Qattea, Ibrahim, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimibarghani, Sarvenaz, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajabi, Rayan, Rajpoot, Pushp Lata, Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed, Ramadan, Majed, Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran, Rancic, Nemanja, Rani, Smitha, Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan, Rathish, Devarajan, Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar, Rautalin, Ilari, Rawaf, David Laith, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Rhee, Taeho Gregory, Roever, Leonardo, Rohilla, Ravi, Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan, Root, Kevin T., Ross, Allen Guy Patrick, Rout, Himanshu Sekhar, Roy, Shubhanjali, de Andrade Ruela, Guilherme, Sabet, Cameron John, Saddik, Basema Ahmad, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Saeed, Umar, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Sajid, Mirza Rizwan, Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa, Saleh, Mohamed A., Salihu, Dauda, Salum, Giovanni A., Samy, Abdallah M., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sarode, Sachin C., Sarode, Gargi Sachin, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schumacher, Austin E., Schwebel, David C., Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret, Sethi, Yashendra, Seylani, Allen, Sha’aban, Abubakar ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-9851, Shabani, Mohammad, Shafie, Mahan, Shaheen, Amira A., Shahid, Samiah, Shahwan, Moyad Jamal, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakeri, Alireza, Sham, Sunder, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsutdinova, Alfiya, Sharifan, Amin, Rad, Javad Sharifi, Sharma, Manoj, Sharma, Ujjawal, Sharma, Vishal, Sheidaei, Ali, Shetty, Mahabalesh, ShettyS, Premalatha K., Shetty, Pavanchand H., Shittu, Aminu, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shrestha, Sunil, Shrestha, Roman, Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, João Pedro, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Baljinder, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Harmanjit, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sobia, Farrukh, Soboka, Matiwos, Soraneh, Soroush, Soriano, Joan B., Soyiri, Ireneous N., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stein, Dan J., Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan, Suleman, Muhammad, Suresh, Vinay, Swain, Chandan Kumar, Szarpak, Lukasz, Damavandi, Payam Tabaee, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, Tampa, Mircea, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tareke, Minale, Tefera, Yonas Getaye, Temsah, Reem, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teramoto, Masayuki, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Todorovic, Jovana, Torrado, Marco, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Thang Huu, Duc, Nguyen Tran Minh, Tromans, Samuel Joseph, Tsai, Alexander C., Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini, Tualeka, Abdul Rohim, Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya, Udoakang, Aniefiok John, Ullah, Saeed, Ullah, Atta, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, Eynde, Jef Van den, Varghese, Joe, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vaziri, Siavash, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Vinayak, Manish, Vujcic, Isidora S., Waheed, Yasir, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wang, Shu, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wilandika, Angga, Yahaya, Zwanden Sule, Yesodharan, Renjulal, Yin, Dehui, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusuf, Hadiza, Zakham, Fathiah, Zanghì, Aurora, Zeariya, Mohammed G. M., Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Jingya, Zhong, Anthony, Zhu, Bin, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zyoud, Sa’ed H., Shin, Jae Il and Yon, Dong Keon 2026. Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study. Nature Medicine 10.1038/s41591-025-04137-0

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Abstract

Drug use disorders (DUDs) are emerging global public health challenges. Here we investigated the global and regional estimates of the prevalence and burden of DUDs, including amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use disorders, from 1990 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories by using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Overall, trends in global age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years of DUDs increased from 169.3 (95% uncertainty interval (95% UI), 134.4–203.9) per 100,000 people in 1990 to 212.0 (95% UI, 179.2–245.6) in 2023. In 2023, both prevalence and burden of DUDs were higher in high-income countries, particularly in the USA. The most prevalent DUDs in 2023 were cannabis use disorder (age-standardized prevalence, 270.8 (95% UI, 201.7–350.0) per 100,000 people) and opioid use disorder (205.9 (95% UI, 178.7–235.0)). Particularly, opioid use disorder showed a nearly twofold increase in prevalence and burden between 1990 and 2023. In 2023, compared with countries where cannabis use was illegal, countries permitting both recreational and medical cannabis use had higher prevalence rates for all types of DUDs. Proactive and effective policies are essential to mitigate the increasing global burden of DUDs.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Medicine Schools > Pharmacy
Additional Information:	RRS policy applied
Publisher:	Nature Research
ISSN:	1078-8956
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	3 February 2026
Date of Acceptance:	20 November 2025
Last Modified:	03 Feb 2026 11:01
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/184355

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