Sensory sensitivity and visual discomfort are not associated with altered gamma oscillations; a test of the excitation-inhibition hypothesis

Sumner, Petroc ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0536-0510, Powell, Georgina ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6793-0446, Price, Alice ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8577-7294, Thomas, Hannah, Reed, Lucie S., Perry, Gavin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0468-0421, Hedge, Craig and Singh, Krish D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-2475 2026. Sensory sensitivity and visual discomfort are not associated with altered gamma oscillations; a test of the excitation-inhibition hypothesis. Imaging Neuroscience 10.1162/imag.a.1136

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Abstract

Many people experience aversive hypersensitivity (discomfort/visual stress) to stimuli such as bright lights, striped patterns, strobing, motion or complex visual scenes such as supermarkets. Such sensory hypersensitivity is often associated with one or more of a range of neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions or neurodivergence. The cortical mechanisms of sensory hypersensitivity, and reasons why it occurs with such a range of conditions, remain unknown. For three decades theories have focussed on excitation/inhibition balance, where visual discomfort reflects over-excitation relative to inhibition. Visual gamma oscillations induced by viewing stripes are an accepted index of excitation/inhibition, and are successfully modelled by a cortical circuit. Visual gamma is therefore predicted to be altered in people with high visual discomfort. We tested this in two studies. The first used circular moving gratings to evoke visual gamma, alongside self-reported scales for sensory sensitivity and for discomfort induced by viewing images (N=166). We found no correlation of subjective sensitivity or discomfort with gamma frequency or amplitude (all r<0.1), or with the modelled excitation/inhibition parameters. In study 2, we recruited two groups of participants with high and low sensitivity to visual stripes (N=23,27), and induced gamma with gratings of four different spatial frequencies. We found no group differences in gamma frequency, amplitude or modelled parameters. We conclude that visual discomfort is not simply explained by higher excitation/inhibition ratio in visual cortex, despite the dominance of this assumed explanation.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Psychology Research Institutes & Centres > Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)
Additional Information:	License information from Publisher: LICENSE 1: URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Start Date: 2026-01-27
Publisher:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	10 February 2026
Date of Acceptance:	19 January 2026
Last Modified:	10 Feb 2026 12:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/184612

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