GASTON-GP: Source catalogue and millimetre variability of massive protostellar objects

Zhou, Ji-Xuan, Peretto, Nicolas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-602X, Rigby, A. J., Adam, R., Ade, Peter ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-0401, Ajeddig, H., Amarantidis, S., André, P., Aussel, H., Bacmann, A., Beelen, A., Benoît, A., Berta, S., Béthermin, M., Bongiovanni, A., Bounmy, J., Bourrion, O., Calvo, M., Doyle, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-986X and Tucker, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1851-3918 2026. GASTON-GP: Source catalogue and millimetre variability of massive protostellar objects. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , stag459. 10.1093/mnras/stag459

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Abstract

The processes governing protostellar mass growth remain debated, although episodic accretion is now understood as a key feature of protostellar evolution across all masses. Luminosity bursts have been observed in both low- and high-mass protostars, but the overall statistics remain limited, especially for high-mass objects. Over the past decade, numerical simulations of high-mass core collapse have provided a theoretical framework for interpreting protostellar variability, yet additional observational constraints are required to determine the characteristics and importance of bursts. In this work, we analyse data from GASTON-GP programme, which mapped a 2.4 deg2 region of the Galactic plane (centred at l = 24○) at 1.15 and 2.00 mm using NIKA2 on the IRAM 30 m telescope. The survey obtained 11 epochs over four years, offering the first opportunity to study millimetre variability in a large sample of massive protostellar sources. From the combined dataset, we constructed catalogues of 2925 compact sources at 1.15 mm and 1713 at 2.00 mm. Using a dedicated relative calibration scheme, we generated millimetre light curves for 200 high-signal-to-noise sources and identified one variable candidate. However, it is not protostellar. Consequently, we report no robust detections of variable protostellar sources in GASTON field. This is the direct consequence of observational limitations (i.e., sensitivity, resolution) combined with the lack of any > 100-fold luminosity bursts during the observations, which is consistent with estimates inferred from isolated core collapse simulations. This study highlights the need for future high-resolution, high-cadence surveys to constrain the accretion histories of massive protostars.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Physics and Astronomy
Additional Information:	Full author list available at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag459
Publisher:	Oxford University Press (OUP)
ISSN:	0035-8711
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	16 March 2026
Date of Acceptance:	3 March 2026
Last Modified:	17 Mar 2026 15:15
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/185769

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