The incidence of avoidable healthcare-associated harm in prisons in England: a retrospective case note review

McFadzean, Isobel Joy, Ibrahim, Saied, Wainwright, Verity, Panagioti, Maria, Jordan, Melanie, Flynn, Sandra, Keers, Richard N, Millar, Tim, Ashcroft, Darren M, Edwards, Adrian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-4446, Avery, Anthony J, Shaw, Jenny and Carson-Stevens, Andrew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7580-7699 2026. The incidence of avoidable healthcare-associated harm in prisons in England: a retrospective case note review. BMJ Quality & Safety 10.1136/bmjqs-2025-019935

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Abstract

Objective To estimate the incidence of avoidable healthcare-associated harm for prisoners in England. Design A retrospective cross-sectional case note review of prisoner healthcare records. Setting 18 prisons in England were purposively sampled for maximum variation of characteristics based on prison category (open, local, training, high security and female), type (publicly and privately run) and population size. Population After screening 15 027 prisoner records, two cohorts were selected: a sample of 6294 ‘enhanced risk’ prisoners and a random sample of 853 prisoners not included in the enhanced risk sample (n=7147). Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the incidence of patient harm per 100 000 patient-years, judged at least probably avoidable. The secondary outcome was the incidence of patient harm judged at least possibly avoidable. Cases of avoidable harm were characterised in terms of patient impact, known as patient outcome(s), and the severity of harm experienced. Results Within 18 prisons, 247 cases of avoidable harm were experienced by 244 prisoners and were identified from 7147 patient records. The incidence of avoidable harm was 2241.4 (95% CI 1970.5 to 2539.0) per 100 000 patient-years, and this rate could be as high as 3412.0 (95% CI 3075.8 to 3774.9) based on the records screened during this study. Most patient outcomes involved prisoners experiencing discomfort and pain (99/247, 40.1%) and delays receiving appropriate healthcare management or assessment (91/247, 36.8%). The identified cases of avoidable healthcare-associated harm for prisoners resulted mainly in moderate harm severity (157/247 cases, 63.6%), followed by severe harm (27, 10.9%) and death (27, 10.9%). Conclusions Compared with community settings, people in prison experience a 41–67 times greater risk of avoidable significant healthcare-associated harm. This stark disparity underscores the urgent need for government and policy action. Delivering safe, equitable healthcare in secure environments remains a major challenge that demands focused attention.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	In Press
Schools:	Schools > Medicine Research Institutes & Centres > Prime Centre Wales (PRIME)
Publisher:	BMJ Publishing Group
ISSN:	2044-5415
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	11 May 2026
Date of Acceptance:	9 March 2026
Last Modified:	11 May 2026 11:31
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/186925

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