The Down syndrome profile emerges gradually across early development

D'Souza, Hana, Karmiloff‐Smith, Annette, Mareschal, Denis and Thomas, Michael S. C. 2026. The Down syndrome profile emerges gradually across early development. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 39 (4) , e70218. 10.1111/jar.70218

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Abstract

Background and Aims Down syndrome (DS) is associated with intellectual disability, with particular difficulties in expressive language and gross motor abilities, and relative strengths in receptive language. Here, we examine how this profile arises over the first five years of life. Methods A total of 104 children with DS (6–63 months) participated in a standardised developmental assessment (Mullen Scales of Early Learning; MSEL). Developmental trajectories were analysed cross-sectionally and validated with a longitudinal subsample. Results The trajectories gradually diverged from typical development, with an uneven pattern across domains. As children with DS get older, their gross motor difficulties persist, their expressive language becomes a relative weakness, and their receptive language becomes an area of emerging relative strength. Longitudinal data revealed limited stability of individual differences except for visual reception. Conclusion Understanding how the DS profile emerges, as well as how stable individual differences are, presents important steps towards tailored support.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Schools > Psychology
Publisher:	Wiley
ISSN:	1360-2322
Funders:	Wellcome Trust, UKRI FLF
Projects:	098330/Z/12/Z, MR/X032922/1
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	27 July 2026
Date of Acceptance:	8 January 2026
Last Modified:	17 Aug 2026 09:32
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/188481

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