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Biomimetic hierarchical scaffold with Zn2+/Mg2+ dual-ion synergistic release for sequential immunomodulation to enhance bone regeneration

Xu, Dali, Liu, Xin, Li, Jin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-6806, Quan, Jiaxin, Zhang, Boyang, Zhang, Jiawei, Zhang, Bowen, Lu, Sihan, Jamieson, W. David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8260-5211, Castell, Oliver K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6059-8062, Thomas, Christopher P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5840-8613, Yang, Ke, Wang, Tianlin and Yang, Huazhe 2026. Biomimetic hierarchical scaffold with Zn2+/Mg2+ dual-ion synergistic release for sequential immunomodulation to enhance bone regeneration. Chemical Engineering Journal 545 , 179660. 10.1016/j.cej.2026.179660

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Abstract

Learning from nature for tissue and organ repair remains an enduring theme in the life sciences. In particular, engineering artificial bone that mimics the natural bone tissue for the treatment of bone defects remains a significant challenge. Inspired by the hierarchical architecture and multifunctionality of natural bone, we constructed a ZrO2-GelMA-MgO@ZIF-8 (ZrO2-G-M@Z) biomimetic scaffold. The design, preparation, and both in vitro and in vivo experimental results of this study indicated that the porous ZrO2 serves as a biomimetic rigid skeleton, providing space-maintaining structural stability; GelMA hydrogel networks, simulating flexible collagen fibers, provide desirable cell affinity; and MgO@ZIF-8 core-shell nanoparticles enable the programmable release of Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions to promote osteoinduction, vascularization and sequential immunomodulation. This study further showed that the synergistic dual release of Zn2+ and Mg2+ promotes macrophage polarization from the M0 to M1-like phenotype and subsequently to M2-like phenotype, thereby providing a stage-adaptive immune niche for bone repair. This study offers a promising material design strategy for bone regeneration by coupling structural maintenance with sequential immune-osteogenic regulation.

Item Type: Article
Date Type: Publication
Status: Published
Schools: Schools > Engineering
Schools > Pharmacy
Additional Information: RRS policy applied
Publisher: Elsevier
ISSN: 1385-8947
Date of First Compliant Deposit: 11 August 2026
Date of Acceptance: 17 July 2026
Last Modified: 11 Aug 2026 10:00
URI: https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/188505

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