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Crosstalk between macrophages and astrocytes affects proliferation, reactive phenotype and inflammatory response, suggesting a role during reactive gliosis following spinal cord injury

Haan, Niels, Zhu, Bangfu, Wang, Jian, Wei, Xiaoqing

and Song, Bing

2015. Crosstalk between macrophages and astrocytes affects proliferation, reactive phenotype and inflammatory response, suggesting a role during reactive gliosis following spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroinflammation 12 , 109. 10.1186/s12974-015-0327-3

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0327-3

Abstract

Background Large-scale macrophage infiltration and reactive astrogliosis are hallmarks of early spinal cord injury (SCI) pathology. The exact nature of the macrophage response and relationship between these phenomena have not been explored in detail. Here, we have investigated these responses using a combination of in vivo SCI models, organotypic and primary cultures. Methods In vivo macrophage response was investigated using a contusive injury mouse model. Interactions between astrocytes and macrophages were studied in primary or organotypic cultures. Proliferation was assessed though MTT assay and nucleotide incorporation and gene expression changes through qPCR. Results Seven days following contusive SCI, a mixed M1/M2 macrophage response was seen in the injury site. Conditioned medium from primary M1, but not M2, macrophages are able to induce astrocyte proliferation in both organotypic spinal cord cultures and primary astrocytes. Soluble factors from M1 macrophages induce a reactive astrocyte gene expression pattern, whereas M2 factors inhibit expression of these genes. M2-stimulated astrocytes are also able to decrease both M1 and M2 macrophage proliferation and decrease TNFα production in M1 macrophages. Conclusions These results suggest a strong role of M1 macrophages in inducing reactive astrogliosis and the existence of an astrocyte-mediated negative feedback system in order to dampen the immune response. These results, combined with the poor outcomes of the current immunosuppressive steroid treatments in SCI, indicate the need for more targeted therapies, taking into account the significantly different effects of M1 and M2 macrophages, in order to optimise outcome.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI) Dentistry
Publisher:	BioMed Central
ISSN:	1742-2094
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	14 March 2019
Date of Acceptance:	20 May 2015
Last Modified:	09 Oct 2023 05:30
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/85290