Are restricted and repetitive behaviours in two and six-year-olds associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties?

Carrington, Sarah J., Uljarević, Mirko, Meins, Elizabeth, Fernyhough, Charles, McConachie, Helen, Le Couteur, Ann and Leekam, Susan R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1122-0135 2024. Are restricted and repetitive behaviours in two and six-year-olds associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties? JCPP Advances 4 (3) , e12209. 10.1002/jcv2.12209

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Abstract

Background Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour (RRBs) serve an adaptive role in development. Elevated levels of RRBs beyond the early years, however, are associated with poorer outcome in language, cognition, and wellbeing, and are seen across a range of neurodevelopmental conditions. This study aimed to characterize the association of distinct RRB subtypes at two and six years of age, with internalising and externalising difficulties in a community sample of children. Methods 485 parents reported on their child's insistence on sameness (IS) and repetitive sensory and motor (RSM) RRBs at two and six years of age using the Repetitive Behaviour Questionnaire (RBQ-2). Emotional and behavioural difficulties were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age six. Results Consistent with previous research, RRBs later in development better predicted emotional and behavioural difficulties at age six than RRBs earlier in development. Moreover, IS RRBs were selectively associated with internalising behaviours and RSM RRBs with externalising behaviours. Importantly, these selective associations depended on when RRBs were measured. Only IS RRBs at age six were significantly associated with internalising behaviour. By contrast, while more RSM RRBs at age six were associated with higher rates of externalising behaviours, higher rates of RSM RRBs at age two were associated with fewer externalising behaviours, adding further support to the previously reported adaptive role of RRBs in early behaviour regulation. Conclusion Although there is a need for further research to provide a detailed profile of the adaptive periods for IS and RSM RRBs, the present findings support the potential utility of elevated RRBs as a signal for emotional and behavioural difficulties at age six.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Psychology
Publisher:	Wiley Open Access
ISSN:	2692-9384
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	2 November 2023
Date of Acceptance:	18 October 2023
Last Modified:	06 Nov 2024 17:00
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/163634

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