What's in a smile? Initial analyses of dynamic changes in facial shape and appearance

Farnell, Damian J. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Galloway, Jennifer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Marshall, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884, Al-Meyah, Khtam, Pirttiniemi, Pertti and Lähdesmäki, Raija 2018. What's in a smile? Initial analyses of dynamic changes in facial shape and appearance. Journal of Imaging 5 (1) , 2. 10.3390/jimaging5010002

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Abstract

Single-level principal component analysis (PCA) and multi-level PCA (mPCA) methods are applied here to a set of (2D frontal) facial images from a group of 80 Finnish subjects (34 male; 46 female) with two different facial expressions (smiling and neutral) per subject. Inspection of eigenvalues gives insight into the importance of different factors affecting shapes, including: biological sex, facial expression (neutral versus smiling), and all other variations. Biological sex and facial expression are shown to be reflected in those components at appropriate levels of the mPCA model. Dynamic 3D shape data for all phases of a smile made up a second dataset sampled from 60 adult British subjects (31 male; 29 female). Modes of variation reflected the act of smiling at the correct level of the mPCA model. Seven phases of the dynamic smiles are identified: rest pre-smile, onset 1 (acceleration), onset 2 (deceleration), apex, offset 1 (acceleration), offset 2 (deceleration), and rest post-smile. A clear cycle is observed in standardized scores at an appropriate level for mPCA and in single-level PCA. mPCA can be used to study static shapes and images, as well as dynamic changes in shape. It gave us much insight into the question “what’s in a smile?”

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Published Online
Status:	Published
Schools:	Dentistry Computer Science & Informatics
Publisher:	MDPI
ISSN:	2313-433X
Date of First Compliant Deposit:	17 December 2018
Date of Acceptance:	18 December 2018
Last Modified:	04 Jan 2024 08:34
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/117725

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