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Xiong, Ziyi, Li, Yi, Liu, Xianjing, Lu, Haojie, Hysi, Pirro G., Pardo, Luba M., Uitterlinden, Andre G., Rivadeneira, Fernando, Ikram, M. Arfan, Ghanbari, Mohsen, Wolvius, Eppo B., Roshchupkin, Gennady V., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Nijsten, Tamar, Spector, Timothy D., Wang, Sijia, Liu, Fan and Kayser, Manfred 2025. Combined genome-wide association study of facial traits in Europeans increases explained variance and improves prediction. Nature Communications 16 (1) , 6562. 10.1038/s41467-025-61761-7
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Yuan, Meng, Goovaerts, Seppe, Lee, Myoung K., Devine, Jay, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Walsh, Susan, Shriver, Mark D., Shaffer, John R., Marazita, Mary L., Peeters, Hilde, Weinberg, Seth M. and Claes, Peter 2025. Optimized phenotyping of complex morphological traits: enhancing discovery of common and rare genetic variants. Briefings in Bioinformatics 26 (2) , bbaf090. 10.1093/bib/bbaf090
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Vanneste, Michiel, Hoskens, Hanne, Goovaerts, Seppe, Matthews, Harold, Devine, Jay, Aponte, Jose D., Cole, Joanne, Shriver, Mark, Marazita, Mary L., Weinberg, Seth M., Walsh, Susan, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Klein, Ophir D., Spritz, Richard A., Peeters, Hilde, Hallgrímsson, Benedikt and Claes, Peter 2024. Syndrome-informed phenotyping identifies a polygenic background for achondroplasia-like facial variation in the general population. Nature Communications 15 (1) , 10458. 10.1038/s41467-024-54839-1
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Yuan, Meng, Goovaerts, Seppe, Vanneste, Michiel, Matthews, Harold, Hoskens, Hanne, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Klein, Ophir D, Spritz, Richard A, Hallgrimsson, Benedikt, Walsh, Susan, Shriver, Mark D, Shaffer, John R, Weinberg, Seth M, Peeters, Hilde and Claes, Peter 2024. Mapping genes for human face shape: Exploration of univariate phenotyping strategies. PLoS Computational Biology 20 (12) , e1012617. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012617
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Stetzel, Leah, Foucher, Florence, Jang, Seung Jin, Wu, Tai-Hsien, Fields, Henry, Schumacher, Fernanda, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Ko, Ching-Chang 2024. Artificial intelligence for predicting the aesthetic component of the index of orthodontic treatment need. Bioengineering 11 (9) , 861. 10.3390/bioengineering11090861
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Kua, Aaron, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Farnell, Damian J.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927 2024. Initial evidence that skin health deteriorates for younger age groups and with increased daily use of face masks for healthcare professionals at a dental hospital in the United Kingdom. Journal of Dentistry 141 , 104799. 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104799
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Hamilton, Sean, Wilson, Caryl, Playle, Rebecca ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Toma, Arshed, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2023. Reproducibility and reliability of the Wilson- Richmond categorisation tool in the assessment of the morphological traits of the lips. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 50 (4) , pp. 41951-41957. 10.26717/BJSTR.2023.50.007996
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Hamilton, S., Wilson, C., Richmond, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Playle, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 and Toma, A. 2023. Application of the Wilson-Richmond categorisation tool on three-dimensional facial scans of a population of 12-year old Welsh children. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 50 (4) , pp. 41958-41966. 10.26717/BJSTR.2023.50.007997
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Davies, Kristian James Michael, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Medeiros Mirra, Renata Jorge, Abbas, Hawraa Hassan, Wilson-Nagrani, Caryl Eleri, Davis, Megan Gael and Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2022. Applying an automated method of classifying lip morphological traits. Journal of Orthodontics 49 (4) , pp. 412-419. 10.1177/14653125221106489
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Davies, Kristian James Michael, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Medeiros-Mirra, Renata Jorge, Abbas, Hawraa Hassan, Wilson-Nagrani, Caryl Eleri, Davis, Megan Gael and Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2022. The effect of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on lip morphology. Journal of Orthodontics 49 (4) , pp. 403-411. 10.1177/14653125221094337
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Liu, Chenzing, Lee, Myoung Keun, Naqvi, Sahin, Hoskens, Hanne, Liu, Dongjing, White, Julie D., Indencleef, Karlijne, Matthews, Harold, Eller, Ryan J., Li, Jiarui, Mohammed, Jaaved, Swigut, Tomek, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Manyama, Mange, Hallgrimsson, Benedikt, Spritz, Richard A., Feingold, Eleanor, Marazita, Mary L., Wysocka, Joanna, Walsh, Susan, Shriver, Mark D., Claes, Peter, Weinberg, Seth M. and Shaffer, John R. 2021. Genome scans of facial features in East Africans and cross-population comparisons reveal novel associations. PLoS Genetics 17 (8) , e1009695. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009695
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Naqvi, Sahin, Sleyp, Yoeri, Hoskens, Hanne, Indencleef, Karlijne, Spence, Jeffrey P., Bruffaerts, Rose, Radwan, Ahmed, Eller, Ryan J., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Shriver, Mark D., Shaffer, John R., Weinberg, Seth M., Walsh, Susan, Thompson, James, Pritchard, Jonathan K., Sunaert, Stefan, Peeters, Hilde, Wysocka, Joanna and Claes, Peter 2021. Shared heritability of human face and brain shape. Nature Genetics 53 , pp. 830-839. 10.1038/s41588-021-00827-w

Hoskens, Hanne, Liu, Dongjing, Naqvi, Sahin, Keun Lee, Myoung, Eller, Ryan J, Indencleef, Karlijne, White, Julie D, Li, Jiarui, Larmuseau, Maarten H D, Hens, Greet, Wysocka, Joanna, Walsh, Susan, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Shriver, Mark D, Shaffer, John R, Peeters, Hilde, Weinberg, Seth M and Claes, Peter 2021. 3D facial phenotyping by biometric sibling matching used in contemporary genomic methodologies. PLoS Genetics 17 (5) , e1009528. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009528
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Farnell, D. J. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Richmond, S ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Galloway, J ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, A. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Pirttiniemi, P, Heikkinen, T, Harila, V, Matthews, H and Claes, P 2021. An exploration of adolescent facial shape changes with age via multilevel partial least squares regression. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 200 , 105935. 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105935
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Indencleef, Karlijne, Hoskens, Hanne, Lee, Myoung Keun, White, Julie D., Liu, Chenxing, Eller, Ryan J., Naqvi, Sahin, Wehby, George L., Uribe, Lina M Moreno, Hecht, Jacqueline T., Long Jr, Ross E, Christensen, Kaare, Deleyiannis, Frederic W., Walsh, Susan, Shriver, Mark D., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Wysocka, Joanna, Peeters, Hilde, Shaffer, John R., Marazita, Mary L., Hens, Greet, Weinberg, Seth M. and Claes, Peter 2021. The intersection of the genetic architectures of orofacial clefts and normal facial variation. Frontiers in Genetics 12 , 626403. 10.3389/fgene.2021.626403
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White, Julie D., Indencleef, Karlijne, Naqvi, Sahin, Eller, Ryan J., Hoskens, Hanne, Roosenboom, Jasmien, Lee, Myoung Keun, Li, Jiarui, Mohammed, Jaaved, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Quillen, Ellen E., Norton, Heather L., Feingold, Eleanor, Swigut, Tomek, Marazita, Mary L., Peeters, Hilde, Hens, Greet, Shaffer, John R., Wysocka, Joanna, Walsh, Susan, Weinberg, Seth M., Shriver, Mark D. and Claes, Peter 2021. Insights into the genetic architecture of the human face. Nature Genetics 53 , pp. 45-53. 10.1038/s41588-020-00741-7

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Bin Mohd Ali, Azrul, Pirttiniemi, Pertti, Heikkinen, Tuomo, Harila, Virpi, Silinevica, Signe, Jakobsone, Gundega and Urtane, Ilga 2020. Exploring the midline soft tissue surface changes from 12 to 15 years of age in three distinct country population cohorts. European Journal of Orthodontics 42 (5) , pp. 517-524. 10.1093/ejo/cjz080
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Nasir, S.H., Popat, H. and Richmond, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2020. The effect of resting morphological lip shape during lip movement: A three-dimensional motion analysis study. Heliyon 6 (6) , e04093. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04093
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Farnell, Damian JJ ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Galloway, J ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, Alexei I ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Pirttiniemi, P, Heikkinen, T, Harila, V, Matthews, H and Claes, P 2020. Multilevel principal components analysis of three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 188 , 105272. 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105272
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Galloway, Jennifer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Farnell, Damian JJ ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Zhurov, Alexei I ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2020. Multilevel analysis of the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on the facial shape of English adolescents. Journal of Imaging 6 (5) , pp. 101-113. 10.3390/jimaging6050034
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Farnell, D. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Galloway, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, A. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2020. Multilevel models of age-related changes in facial shape in adolescents. Presented at: Annual Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, Liverpool, UK, 24-26 July 2019. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Communications in Computer and Information Science Springer Verlag, -. 10.1007/978-3-030-39343-4_9
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Xiong, Ziyi, Dankova, Gabriela, Howe, Laurence J, Lee, Myoung Keun, Hysi, Pirro G, deJong, Markus A, Zhu, Gu, Adhikari, Kaustubh, Li, Dan, Pan, Bo, Feingold, Eleanor, Marazita, Mary L, Shaffer, John R, McAloney, Kerrie, Xu, Shuhua, Jin, Li, Wang, Sijia, de Vrij, Femke M, Lendermeijer, Bas, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Lewis, Sarah, Sharp, Gemma, Paternoster, Lavinia, Thompson, Holly, Gonzalez-Jose, Rolando, Bortolini, Maria Catira, Canizales-Quiteros, Samuel, Gallo, Carla, Poletti, Giovanni, Bedoya, Gabriel, Rothhammer, Francisco, Utterlinden, Andre G, Ikram, M Arfan, Wolvius, Eppo B, Kushner, Steven A, Nijsten, Tamar, Palstra, Robert-Jan, Boehringer, Stefan, Medland, Sarah E, Tang, Kun, Ruiz-Linares, Andres, Martin, Nicholas G, Spector, Timothy D, Stergiakouli, Evie, Weinberg, Seth M, Liu, Fan and Kayser, Manfred 2019. Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans. eLife 8 , e49898. 10.7554/eLife.49898
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Quach, Stacey, Popat, Hashmat, Karki, Anup, Playle, Rebecca ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2019. Factors influencing orthodontic treatment outcome in South East Wales and implications for service commissioning. Journal of Orthodontics 46 (4) , pp. 311-322. 10.1177/1465312519881454
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Abbas, Hawraa H., Hicks, Yulia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-4587, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Marshall, David, Claes, Peter, Wilson-Nagrani, Caryl and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2019. An automatic approach for classification and categorisation of lip morphological traits. PLoS ONE 14 (10) , e0221197. 10.1371/journal.pone.0221197
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Farnell, Damian J. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Galloway, Jennifer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Marshall, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884, Al-Meyah, Khtam, Pirttiniemi, Pertti and Lähdesmäki, Raija 2018. What's in a smile? Initial analyses of dynamic changes in facial shape and appearance. Journal of Imaging 5 (1) , 2. 10.3390/jimaging5010002
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Hoskens, Hanne, Li, Jiarui, Indencleef, Karlijne, Gors, Dorothy, Larmuseau, Maarten H. D., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Hens, Greet, Peeters, Hilde and Claes, Peter 2018. Spatially dense 3D facial heritability and modules of co-heritability in a father-offspring design. Frontiers in Genetics 9 , 554. 10.3389/fgene.2018.00554
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Indencleef, Karlijne, Roosenboom, Jasmien, Hoskens, Hanne, White, Julie D., Shriver, Mark D., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Peeters, Hilde, Feingold, Eleanor, Marazita, Mary L., Shaffer, John R., Weinberg, Seth M., Hens, Greet and Claes, Peter 2018. Six NSCL/P loci show associations with normal-range craniofacial variation. Frontiers in Genetics 9 , 502. 10.3389/fgene.2018.00502
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Wilson-Nagrani, Caryl, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Paternoster, Lavinia 2018. Non-syndromic cleft lip and palate polymorphisms affect normal lip morphology. Frontiers in Genetics 9 , 413. 10.3389/fgene.2018.00413
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Roosenboom, Jasmien, Indencleef, Karlijne, Lee, Myoung Keun, Hoskens, Hanne, White, Julie D., Liu, Dongjing, Hecht, Jacqueline T., Wehby, George L., Moreno, Lina M., Hodges-Simeon, Carolyn, Feingold, Eleanor, Marazita, Mary L., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Shriver, Mark D., Claes, Peter, Shaffer, John R. and Weinberg, Seth M. 2018. SNPs associated with testosterone levels influence human facial morphology. Frontiers in Genetics 9 , 497. 10.3389/fgene.2018.00497
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Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Howe, Laurence J., Lewis, Sarah, Stergiakouli, Evie and Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2018. Facial genetics: A brief overview. Frontiers in Genetics 9 , 462. 10.3389/fgene.2018.00462
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Farnell, Damian JJ ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Galloway, Jennifer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Pirttiniemi, Pertti and Lahdesmaki, Raija 2018. What’s in a smile? Initial results of multilevel principal components analysis of facial shape and image texture. Presented at: MUIA 2018: Annual Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, 9-11 July 2018, Southampton, UK. Published in: Nixon, Mark, Mahmoodi, Sasan and Zwiggelaar, Reyer eds. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis: 22nd Conference, MIUA 2018, Southampton, UK, July 9-11, 2018, Proceedings. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Communications in Computer and Information Science Springer, pp. 177-188. 10.1007/978-3-319-95921-4_18
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Howe, Laurence J., Lee, Myoung Keun, Sharp, Gemma C., Davey Smith, George, St Pourcain, Beate, Shaffer, John R., Ludwig, Kerstin U., Mangold, Elisabeth, Marazita, Mary L., Feingold, Eleanor, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Stergiakouli, Evie, Sandy, Jonathan, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Weinberg, Seth M., Hemani, Gibran and Lewis, Sarah J. 2018. Investigating the shared genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip/palate and facial morphology. PLoS Genetics 14 (8) , e1007501. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501
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Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Wilson-Nagrani, Caryl, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Farnell, Damian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Galloway, Jennifer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Azrul Safuan, Mohd Ali, Pertti, Pirttiniemi and Visnja, Katic 2018. Factors influencing facial shape. Evidence‐Based Orthodontics, Wiley, pp. 69-81. (10.1002/9781119289999.ch6)

Abbas, Hawraa, Hicks, Yulia ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-4587, Marshall, Andrew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2018. A 3D morphometric perspective for facial gender analysis and classification using geodesic path curvature features. Computational Visual Media 4 (1) , pp. 17-32. 10.1007/s41095-017-0097-1
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Huang, G. J., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and VIg, K. W. Huang, G. J., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Vig, K. W., eds. 2018. Evidence based orthodontics. John Wiley & Sons.

Farnell, Damian ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Galloway, Jennifer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-5970, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Katic, Visnja and Pirttiniemi, Pertti 2017. Initial results of multilevel principal components analysis of facial shape. Presented at: MIUA 2017: Annual Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, Edinburgh, UK, 11-13 July 2017. Published in: Valdes Hernandez, Maria and Gonzalez Castro, Victor eds. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. Communications in Computer and Information Science , vol.723 Cham: Springer, pp. 674-685. 10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_59
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Djordjevic, Jelena, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2016. Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. PLoS ONE 11 (9) , e0162250. 10.1371/journal.pone.0162250
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Farnell, D. J. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927, Popat, H. and Richmond, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2016. Multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA) in shape analysis: a feasibility study in medical and dental imaging. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 129 , pp. 149-159. 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.01.005
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Al Ali, Ala, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Popat, Hashmat, Playle, Rebecca ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Pickles, Timothy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-0234, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Marshall, David, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884, Henderson, John and Bonuck, Karen 2015. The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. BMJ Open 5 (9) , e009027. 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009027
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Robson, Nicholas, Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Farnell, Damian J. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0662-1927 2015. Effectiveness of an audience response system on orthodontic knowledge retention of undergraduate dental students - a randomised control trial. Journal of Orthodontics 42 (4) , pp. 307-314. 10.1179/1465313315Y.0000000012
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Alqattan, Mohammad, Dordevic, Jelena, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2015. Comparison between landmark and surface-based three-dimensional analyses of facial asymmetry in adults. European Journal of Orthodontics 37 (1) , pp. 1-12. 10.1093/ejo/cjt075

Al Ali, Ala, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Popat, Hashmat, Toma, Arshed M., Playle, Rebecca ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Pickles, Timothy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-0234, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Marshall, David, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Henderson, John 2014. A three-dimensional analysis of the effect of atopy on face shape. European Journal of Orthodontics 36 (5) , pp. 506-511. 10.1093/ejo/cjs107
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Pound, Nicholas, Lawson, David W., Toma, Arshed M., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Penton-Voak, Ian S. 2014. Facial fluctuating asymmetry is not associated with childhood ill-health in a large British cohort study. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1792) , 20141639. 10.1098/rspb.2014.1639
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Dordevic, Jelena, Toma, Arshed M., Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2014. Three-dimensional quantification of facial symmetry in adolescents using laser surface scanning. European Journal of Orthodontics 36 (2) , pp. 125-132. 10.1093/ejo/cjr091

Krneta, B., Primozic, J., Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Ovsenik, M. 2014. Three-dimensional evaluation of facial morphology in children aged 5-6 years with a Class III malocclusion. European Journal of Orthodontics 36 (2) , pp. 133-139. 10.1093/ejo/cjs018

Popat, Hashmat, Corns, Stephanie, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Playle, Rebecca A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 2013. Preparing for practice - calibration of dental undergraduate students in the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. British Dental Journal 215 (9) , pp. 469-471. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.1043

Dordevic, Jelena, Jadallah, Mohammed, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Toma, Arshed M. and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2013. Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 16 (3) , pp. 146-160. 10.1111/ocr.12012

Fatemifar, Ghazelah, Hoggart, Clive J., Paternoster, Lavinia, Kemp, John P., Prokopenko, Inga, Horikoshi, Momoko, Wright, Victoria J., Tobias, Jon H., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Toma, Arshed M., Pouta, Anneli, Taanila, Anja, Sipila, Kirsi, Lahdesmaki, Raija, Pillas, Demetris, Geller, Frank, Feenstra, Bjarke, Melbye, Mads, Nohr, Ellen A., Ring, Susan M., St Pourcain, Beate, Timpson, Nicholas J., Davey Smith, George, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Evans, David M. 2013. Genome-wide association study of primary tooth eruption identifies pleiotropic loci associated with height and craniofacial distances. Human Molecular Genetics 22 (18) , pp. 3807-3817. 10.1093/hmg/ddt231
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Dordevic, Jelena, Pirttiniemi, P., Harila, V., Heikkinen, T., Toma, Arshed M., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2013. Three-dimensional longitudinal assessment of facial symmetry in adolescents. European Journal of Orthodontics 35 (2) , pp. 143-151. 10.1093/ejo/cjr006

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395 2013. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of lip shape during speech: development of a clinical outcome measure. PLoS ONE 8 (2) , e57368. 10.1371/journal.pone.0057368
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Primozic, Jasmina, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Kau, Chung How, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Ovsenik, Maja 2013. Three-dimensional evaluation of early crossbite correction: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Orthodontics 35 (1) , pp. 7-13. 10.1093/ejo/cjq198

Wilson, Caryl, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Toma, Arshed M., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Ness, Andy and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2013. The prevalence of lip vermilion morphological traits in a 15-year-old population. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 161 (1) , pp. 4-12. 10.1002/ajmg.a.35515

Parker, Greg, Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884, Drage, Nicholas, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Jones, Derek K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-8049 2013. A pitfall in the reconstruction of fibre ODFs using spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage 65 , pp. 433-448. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.022

Primozic, J., Farcnik, F., Perinetti, G., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Ovsenik, M. 2013. The association of tongue posture with the dentoalveolar maxillary and mandibular morphology in Class III malocclusion: a controlled study. European Journal of Orthodontics 35 (3) , pp. 388-393. 10.1093/ejo/cjs015

Dordevic, Jelena, Lawlor, Debbie A., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Toma, Arshed M., Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2013. A population-based cross-sectional study of the association between facial morphology and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. BMJ Open 3 (5) , :e002910. 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002910

Primozic, J., Perinetti, G., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Ovsenik, M. 2012. Assessment of facial asymmetry in growing subjects with a three-dimensional laser scanning system. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 15 (4) , pp. 237-244. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2012.01550.x

Al Ali, Ala, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Popat, Hashmat, Toma, Arshed M., Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Marshall, David, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Henderson, John 2012. The influence of asthma on face shape: a three-dimensional study. European Journal of Orthodontics 36 (4) , pp. 373-380. 10.1093/ejo/cjs067

Primožič, Jasmina, Perinetti, Giuseppe, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Ovsenik, Maja 2012. Three-dimensional longitudinal evaluation of palatal vault changes in growing subjects. The Angle Orthodontist 82 (4) , pp. 632-636. 10.2319/070111-426.1

Lu, Y, Zhu, Hanxing ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-6831, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2012. Numerical modelling of the fibre–matrix interaction in biaxial loading for hyperelastic soft tissue models. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 28 (4) , pp. 401-411. 10.1002/cnm.1455

Paternoster, Lavinia, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Toma, Arshed M., Kemp, John P., St. Pourcain, Beate, Timpson, Nicholas J., McMahon, George, McArdle, Wendy, Ring, Susan M., Smith, George Davey, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Evans, David M. 2012. Genome-wide association study of three-dimensional facial morphology identifies a variant in PAX3 associated with nasion position. American Journal of Human Genetics 90 (3) , pp. 478-485. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.021

Popat, Hashmat, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Toma, Arshed M., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395 and Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 2012. Statistical modelling of lip movement in the clinical context. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 15 (2) , pp. 92-102. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01539.x

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Al Ali, A. M., Beldie, L., Chong, Yuan Ting, Cronin, Andrew James, Dordevic, Jelena, Drage, Nicholas, Evans, D. M., Jones, Derek K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-8049, Lu, Y., Marshall, D., Middleton, J., Parker, Greg, Paternoster, L., Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Popat, Hashmat, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884, Sidorov, Kirill A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-4132, Toma, Arshed M., Walker, B., Wilson, Caryl and Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2012. Detailing patient specific modeling to aid clinical decision-making. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics 5 , pp. 105-131. 10.1007/978-94-007-4552-0_5

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395 and Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 2012. Three-dimensional assessment of functional change following Class 3 orthognathic correction - a preliminary report. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 40 (1) , pp. 36-42. 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005

Toma, Arshed M., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2012. The assessment of facial variation in 4747 British school children. European Journal of Orthodontics 34 (6) , pp. 655-664. 10.1093/ejo/cjr106

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 and Toma, Arshed M. 2012. Three-dimensional facial imaging. Wilkinson, Caroline and Rynn, Christopher, eds. Craniofacial Identification, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154-165.

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Karki, A. 2012. Complexities associated with orthodontic services in the National Health Service. British Dental Journal 212 (3) , E5. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.98

Sidorov, Kirill A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-4132, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395 2011. Efficient groupwise non-rigid registration of textured surfaces. Presented at: 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2011), Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 20-25 June 2011. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011, Providence, RI, 20-25 June 2011. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE, pp. 2401-2408. 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995632

Lu, Y. T., Beldie, L., Walker, B., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2011. Parametric study of a Hill-type hyperelastic skeletal muscle model. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H-Journal of Engineering in Medicine 225 (H5) , pp. 437-447. 10.1177/2041303310392632
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Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Marshall, D. and Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 2011. Facial Movement in 3 Dimensions: Average Templates of Lip Movement in Adults. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 145 (1) , pp. 24-29. 10.1177/0194599811401701

Lu, Y. T., Zhu, Hanxing ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-6831, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2011. Modelling skeletal muscle fibre orientation arrangement. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 14 (12) , pp. 1079-1088. 10.1080/10255842.2010.509100

Lu, Y. T., Zhu, Hanxing X. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-6831, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2010. A visco-hyperelastic model for skeletal muscle tissue under high strain rates. Journal of Biomechanics 43 (13) , pp. 2629-2632. 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.05.030

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Drage, Nicholas 2010. Erratum: Cutting Edge: New developments in: Threedimensional planning for orthognathic surgery (Journal of Orthodontics (2010) 37:1 (62-71)). Journal of Orthodontics 37 (4) , p. 319. 10.1179/14653121043299

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Drage, Nicholas 2010. New developments in: three-dimensional planning for orthognathic surgery. Journal of Orthodontics 37 (1) , pp. 62-71. 10.1179/14653121042885

Beldie, L., Walker, B., Lu, Y., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2010. Finite element modelling of maxillofacial surgery and facial expressions - A preliminary study. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery 6 (4) , pp. 422-430. 10.1002/rcs.352

Božič, M., Kau, C. H., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Ovsenik, M. and Hren, N. I. 2010. Novel method of 3-dimensional soft-tissue analysis for Class III patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 138 (6) , pp. 758-769. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.01.033

Kau, Chung How, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Ovsenik, M., Tawfik, W., Borbely, P. and English, J. D. 2010. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 137 (4 SUPP) , S56.e1-S56.e9. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022

Popat, Hashmat, Henley, E., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Benedikt, L., Marshall, D. and Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 2010. A comparison of the reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial gestures using three-dimensional motion analysis. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 142 (6) , pp. 867-72. 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.03.003

Lu, Y. T., Zhu, Hanxing ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-6831, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2010. Modelling the fibre orientation arrangement of skeletal muscle using FEM-NURBS method. Presented at: 9th International Symposium Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Valencia, Spain, 24-27 February 2010. Published in: Middleton, John ed. Proceedings of the 9th Intl Symposium of Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering (CMBBE2010) Valencia, Spain 24 – 27 Feb 2010. Solihull: Arup,

Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Kau, Chung How and Toma, Arshed M. 2010. Averaging facial images. Kau, Chung How and Richmond, Stephen, eds. Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery, London: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 126-144.

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Toma, Arshed M., Kau, Chung How and Hartles, Frank Roy 2010. Visualizing facial growth. Kau, Chung How and Richmond, Stephen, eds. Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery, London: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 207-225.

Macfarlane, Tatania V., Kenealy, Pamela, Kingdon, H. Anne, Mohlin, Bengt O., Pilley, J. Richard, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Shaw, William C. 2009. Twenty-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: Temporomandibular disorders. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 135 (6) , 692.e1-692.e8. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.10.017

Deans, Jamie, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Durning, Peter and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2009. An exploratory study of the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic care in seven European countries. European Journal of Orthodontics 31 (1) , pp. 90-94. 10.1093/ejo/cjn040

Sidorov, Kirill A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-4132, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395 2009. An efficient stochastic approach to groupwise non-rigid image registration. Presented at: CVPR 2009, Miami Beach, FL, USA, 20-25 June 2009. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009 (CVPR 2009), Miami, FL, 20-25 June 2009. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE, pp. 2208-2213. 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206516

Bryant, Jacqueline A., Drage, Nicholas and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2009. Is it time to set a Hounsfield standard? [Letter]. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 38 (5) , p. 306. 10.1259/dmfr/30842473

Toma, Arshed M., Zhurov, Alexei Ivanovich ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Ong, Egle and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2009. Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on 3D laser-scanned facial images. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 12 (1) , pp. 33-42. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.01435.x

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Benedikt, L., Marshall, D. and Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 2009. Quantitative analysis of facial movement - A review of three-dimensional imaging techniques. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 33 (5) , pp. 377-383. 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2009.03.003

Božič, M., Kau, C. H., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Ihan Hren, N., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Udovic, M., Melinkg, S. and Ovsenik, M. 2009. Facial morphology of Slovenian and Welsh white populations using 3-dimensional imaging. Angle Orthodontist 79 (4) , pp. 640-645.

Macfarlane, T. V., Kenealy, P., Kingdon, H. A., Mohlin, B., Pilley, J. R., Mwangi, C. W., Hunter, Lindsay, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Shaw, W. C. 2009. Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 37 (5) , pp. 438-450. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00482.x

Mwangi, C. W., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Hunter, Margaret Lindsay 2009. Relationship between malocclusion, orthodontic treatment, and tooth wear. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 136 (4) , pp. 529-535. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.11.030

Primozic, J., Ovsenik, M., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Kau, C. H. and Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2009. Early crossbite correction: a three-dimensional evaluation. European Journal of Orthodontics 31 (4) , pp. 352-356. 10.1093/ejo/cjp041

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Toma, Arshed M. and Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740 2009. New perspectives on craniofacial growth. Nouvelles perspectives sur la croissance cranio-faciale. 80 (4) , pp. 359-369.

Sidorov, Kirill A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-4132, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Marshall, D. 2009. An efficient stochastic approach to groupwise non-rigid image registration. IEEE. 10.1109/CVPRW.2009.5206516

Lu, Y. T., Beldie, L., Zhu, Hanxing ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-6831, Walker, B., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Middleton, John 2009. Three dimensional skeletal muscle tissue modelling. Presented at: 1st international conference on biodental engineering, Porto, Portugal, 26-27 June 2009. Biodental engineering : proceedings of the 1 International Conference on Biodental Engineering, Porto, Portugal, 26-27 June 2009. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC,

Athanasiou, A. E., Darendeliler, M. A., Eliades, T., Hägg, U., Larson, B. E., Pirttiniemi, P., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Soma, K., Vardimon, A. and Wiltshire, W. 2009. World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) Guidelines for Postgraduate Orthodontic Education. World Journal of Orthodontics 10 (2) , pp. 153-166.

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Marshall, Andrew ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Cosker, D. 2008. Three-dimensional motion analysis - an exploratory study. Part 1: Assessment of facial movement. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 11 (4) , pp. 216-223. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00433.x

Toma, Arshed M., Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2008. A three-dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British-Caucasian sample aged 15 1/2 years old. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 11 (3) , pp. 180-185. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x

Popat, Hashmat, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Cosker, D 2008. Three-dimensional motion analysis - an exploratory study. Part 2: Reproducibility of facial movement. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 11 (4) , pp. 224-228. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00435.x

Bryant, Jacqueline, Drage, Nicholas and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2008. Study of the scan uniformity from an i-CAT cone beam computed tomography dental imaging system. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 37 (7) , pp. 365-374. 10.1259/dmfr/13227258

Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Phillips, C. and Durning, Peter 2008. League tables for orthodontists. European Journal of Orthodontics 30 (6) , pp. 636-640. 10.1093/ejo/cjn036

Hunter, Laura J., Newcombe, Robert ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4400-8867, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Owens, J. and Addy, Liam D. 2008. The Cardiff Dental Survey: oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in relation to smoking in young adults. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 6 (3) , pp. 199-204. 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00311.x

Kau, Chung How and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2008. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 134 (6) , pp. 751-760. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.037

Hunter, Margaret Lindsay, Newcombe, Robert Gordon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4400-8867, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Owens, J. and Addy, Martin 2007. The Cardiff dental survey: oral hygiene and gingival health between the ages of 11-12 and 30-31 years. British dental journal 203 (E23) 10.1038/bdj.2007.964

Shaw, William C., Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Kenealy, Pamela M., Kingdon, Anne and Worthington, Helen 2007. A 20-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: psychological outcome. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 132 (2) , pp. 146-157. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.04.009

Kau, Chung How, Cronin, Andrew James and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2007. A 3-Dimensional evaluation of post-operative swelling following orthognathic surgery at 6 months. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 119 (7) , pp. 2192-2199. 10.1097/01.prs.0000260707.99001.79

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Chestnutt, Ivor Gordon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-800X, Shennan, John and Brown, Rebecca 2007. The relationship of medical and dental factors to perceived general and dental health. Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology 35 (2) , pp. 89-97. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00296.x

Sidorov, Kirill A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-4132, Marshall, Andrew David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-1395, Rosin, Paul L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3884 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2007. Towards efficient 3D facial appearance models. Presented at: The ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, CA, USA, 3-4 August 2007. Published in: Gleicher, Michael and Thalmann, Daniel eds. Computer Animation 2007 : ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation : San Diego, California, August 3-4, 2007. New York, N.Y.: Eurographics Association, pp. 1-2.

Seager, Joanna Mary, Howell-Jones, Rebecca Sian, Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1917-0651, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Thomas, David William ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-5820 2006. A randomised controlled trial of clinical outreach education to rationalise antibiotic prescribing for acute dental pain in the primary care setting. British Dental Journal 201 (4) , pp. 217-222. 10.1038/sj.bdj.4813879

Ong, Egle, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2006. Peer assessment of dental attractiveness. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics 130 (2) , pp. 163-169. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.02.018

Kau, Chung How, Zhurov, Alexi Ivanovich ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Bibb, Richard, Sugar, Adrian, Knox, Jeremy and Hartles, Frank Roy 2006. The 3-Dimensional construction of the average 11 year old child face: A clinical evaluation and application. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 64 (7) , pp. 1086-1092. 10.1016/j.joms.2006.03.013

Kau, Chung How, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Zhurov, Alexei ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5594-0740, Knox, Jeremy, Chestnutt, Ivor Gordon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-800X, Hartles, Frank Roy and Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 2005. Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 128 (4) , pp. 424-430. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.06.037

Tatarunaite, Egle, Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092, Hood, Kerenza ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-8631, Shaw, William and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2005. Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 127 (6) , pp. 676-682. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.01.029

Playle, Rebecca Anne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-1092 and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2005. An update on the analysis of agreement for orthodontic indices. The European Journal of Orthodontics 27 (3) , pp. 286-291. 10.1093/ejo/cjh078

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Phillips, Ceri, Daniels, Charles, Durning, Peter and Leahy, Fiona 2005. Measuring the cost, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of orthodontic care. World journal of orthodontics 6 (2) , pp. 161-170.

Kau, Chung How, Durning, Peter, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Miotti, F.A. and Harzer, W. 2004. Extractions as a form of interception in the developing dentition: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthodontics 31 (2) , pp. 107-114. 10.1179/146531204225020391

Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Phillips, C. J., Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Daniels, C., Durning, Peter and Leahy, F. 2004. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic provision. Dental Update 31 (3) , pp. 146-152.

Liepa, Andra, Urtane, Ilga, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 and Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281 2003. Orthodontic treatment need in Latvia. The European Journal of Orthodontics 25 (3) , pp. 279-284. 10.1093/ejo/25.3.279

Chadwick, Barbara Lesley ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-3473, Dummer, Paul Michael Howell ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-7467, Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Gilmour, Alan Scott Maxwell, Jones, Rhiannon Jayne, Phillips, Ceri J., Rees, Jeremy Simon, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Stevens, Julie and Treasure, Elizabeth Tulip 2001. The longevity of dental restorations: a systematic review. York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. Available at: http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/CRD_Reports/crdrepo...

Chadwick, Barbara Lesley ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-3473, Treasure, E., Dummer, Paul Michael Howell ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-7467, Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Gilmour, Alan Scott Maxwell, Jones, R., Phillips, C., Stevens, J., Rees, J. and Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318 2001. Challenges with studies investigating longevity of dental restorations—a critique of a systematic review. Journal of dentistry 29 (3) , pp. 155-161. 10.1016/S0300-5712(01)00003-3

Chadwick, Barbara Lesley ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-3473, Dummer, Paul Michael ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-7467, Dunstan, Frank David John ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1043-5281, Gilmour, Alan Scot, Jones, R. J., Phillips, C. J., Rees, Jeremy, Richmond, Stephen ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-5318, Stevens, J. and Treasure, Elizabeth Tulip 1999. What type of filling? Best practice in dental restorations. Quality in Health Care 8 (3) , pp. 202-207. 10.1136/qshc.8.3.202

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