Kennedy, Craig, Penman, Michael, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Thickett, David, Bosche, Frederic, Forster, Alan, Grau-Bove, Josep and Cassar, May 2024. Beyond heritage science: A review. Heritage 7 (3) , pp. 1510-1538. 10.3390/heritage7030073 |
Smith, William, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Lankester, Paul, Thickett, David and Leins, Ian 2023. Comparative assessment of paint systems for use on heritage artillery at coastal forts in England: experimental design and interim report. Conservar Patrimonio 44 , pp. 174-186. 10.14568/cp29444 |
Thickett, David, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Larsen, Rene, Odlyha, Marianne and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2022. Analysing objects to tailor environmental preventive conservation. Heritage 6 (1) , pp. 212-235. 10.3390/heritage6010011 |
Manti, Panagiota and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2022. Corrosion phenomena and patina on archaeological low-tin wrought bronzes: New data. Journal of Cultural Heritage 55 , pp. 158-170. 10.1016/j.culher.2022.03.004 |
Thunberg, Johanna, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Kis, Zoltan, Harsanyi, Ildiko, Zsolt, Kasztovsky and Lewis, Mark 2022. The role of patina on archaeological copper alloy coins in the outbreak and progression of bronze disease. Presented at: Metal 2022: 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, 5-9 September 2022. |
Meehan, Peter, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2022. A comparison of the long-term outdoor performance of two modern paint coating systems and a traditional lead-based paint applied to historic wrought iron. Presented at: Metal 2022: 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, 5 - 9 September 2022. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Roche, Kimberly, Seifert, Jerrod and Thunberg, Johanna 2022. The effect of βFeOOH synthesis routes on its ability to corrode iron. Presented at: Metal 2022: 10th Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Helsinki, Finland, 5 - 9 September 2022. |
Thunberg, Johanna, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2021. Desiccated microclimates for heritage metals: creation and management. Studies in Conservation 66 (3) , pp. 127-153. 10.1080/00393630.2020.1799599 |
Thunberg, Johanna, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2020. The role of relative humidity in the corrosion rate of copper in the presence of cuprous chloride: a risk-based approach. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2020, Virtual, 7-11 September 2020. |
Nasanen, Liisa, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2020. The impact of pH and temperature on copper corrosion products in subcritical conditions: delivering insight into the treatment of archaeological copper alloys. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2020, Virtual, 7-11 September 2020. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Smith, William and Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2020. Removal of copper corrosion products from archaeological copper alloys using a Q-switch Nd:YAG 1064 laser: impact on selected corrosion products. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2020, Virtual, 7-11 September 2020. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Thunberg, Johanna and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2020. New guidelines for the desiccated storage of archaeological metal artefacts. Presented at: 48th AIC/SPNHC Joint Virtual Annual Meeting 2020, Virtual, 21 May - 230 June 2021. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Crepeau, Michelle and Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2019. Evidencing risk to inform best practice: the limitations of detecting tinning layers by visual analysis during the removal of corrosion from archaeological iron. Presented at: Metal 2019: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2-6 September 2019. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Thunberg, Johanna 2019. Flame cleaning of historic wrought iron: practitioner methods and their impact on oxide morphologies and post-treatment corrosion rates. Presented at: Metal 2019: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2-6 September 2019. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2019. Desiccated corrosion control of the 324 feet long wrought iron hull of ss Great Britain: theory and operational realities 10 years on. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2019, Seville, Spain, 9-13 September 2019. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Roche, Kimberly and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2019. Synthesised and naturally formed Akaganéite: impact on the corrosion of iron. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2019, Seville, Spain, 9-13 September 2019. |
Thunberg, Johanna, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2018. Evidencing best practice in post-excavation and long-term storage protocols for archaeological iron. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2018, Krakow, Poland, 9-13 September 2018. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, James, Sarah, Thunberg, Johanna and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2018. Impact of NaOH (aq) short-term washing of βFeOOH on its ability to corrode iron. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2018, Krakow, Poland, 9-13 September 2018. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Seifert, Jerrod 2017. Matching display relative humidity to corrosion rate: Quantitative evidence for marine cast iron cannon balls. Presented at: Metal 2016: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, New Dehli, India, 26-30 September 2016. Published in: Menon, Raghu ed. Metal 2016 Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group September 26-30, 2016 New Delhi India. ICOM-CC and IGNCA, pp. 195-202. |
Nasanen, Liisa, Kasprzok, Lisa, Crette, Stephanie, Gonzalez-Pereyra, Nestor and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2017. Feasibility of subcritical fluid technology to stabilize archaeological copper alloy artifacts. Presented at: Metal 2016: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group, New Delhi, India, 26-30 September 2016. Published in: Menon, Raghu, Chemello, Claudia and Pandya, Achal eds. Metal 2016 Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metals Working Group September 26-30, 2016 New Delhi India. |
Watkinson, D. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Emmerson, N. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2017. The impact of aqueous washing on the ability of βFeOOH to corrode iron. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 , pp. 2138-2149. 10.1007/s11356-016-6749-3 |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Gkouma, Anastasia 2017. Investigation of the natural plant extract Emblica officinalis for chloride release from βFeOOH. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 3-7 September 2017. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Channell, Ian 2017. Towards quantitatively assessing the success of dodecanoic acid as an inhibitor for the treatment of archaeological iron nails. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 3-7 September 2017. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2016. Surface preparation of historic wrought iron. Materials and Corrosion 67 (2) , pp. 176-189. 10.1002/maco.201408210 |
Emmerson, N. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, D. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2016. Surface preparation of historic wrought iron: evidencing the requirement for standardisation. Materials and Corrosion / Werkstoffe und Korrosion 67 (2) , pp. 176-189. 10.1002/maco.201408210 |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2016. Impact of washed naturally formed and synthetic β-FeOOH on corrosion rate of iron as a function of relative humidity. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2016, Montpellier, France, 11-15 September 2016. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Seifert, Jerrod 2016. Corrosion rates of marine archaeological cast iron as a function of relative humidity and treatment. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2016, Montpellier, France, 11-15 September 2016. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 2015. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis to inform management protocols for the preservation of archaeological ironwork. Presented at: EuroAnalysis 2015, Bordeaux, France, 6-10 September 2015. |
Lawson, Amber, Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2015. Quantitative testing of corrosion rates of heritage steel coated with Paraloid B72™, Cosmolloid 80H™ and Siliglide 10™. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2015, Graz, Austria, 6-10 September 2015. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Rimmer, Melanie 2014. Quantifying effectiveness of chloride desalination treatments for archaeological iron using oxygen measurement. Presented at: Metal 2013 Edinburgh, Scotland. Interim meeting of the international Council of Museums Committee for Conservation Metal Working Group, Edinburgh, UK, 16-20 September 2013. Published in: Hyslop, Ewan, Gonzalez, Vanesa, Troalen, Lore and Wilson, Lyn eds. METAL 2013: Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Conference Proceedings, 16-20 September 2013, Edinburgh, Scotland. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, pp. 95-102. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2014. Preparing historic wrought iron for protective coatings: quantitative assessment to produce evidence-based protocols. Presented at: Metal 2013 Edinburgh, Scotland. Interim meeting of the international Council of Museums Committee for Conservation Metal Working Group, Edinburgh, UK, 16-20 September 2013. Published in: Hislop, Ewan, Gonzalez, Vanesa, Troalen, Lore and Wilson, Lyn eds. Metal 2013 Edinburgh, Scotland. Interim meeting of the international Council of Museums Committee for Conservation Metal Working Group. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, pp. 119-127. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865, Nordgren, Eric and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2014. Mill scale on historic wrought iron: impact on corrosion and coating performance. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2014, Pisa, Italy, 8-12 September 2014. |
Emmerson, Nicola ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-0865 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2014. Protective coatings for historic wrought iron: epoxy resins versus oil-based systems. Presented at: European Corrosion Congress 2014, Pisa, Italy, 8-12 September 2014. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Rimmer, Melanie, Kasztovszky, Zsolt, Kis, Zoltan, Maróti, Boglárka and Szentmiklósi, László 2013. The use of neutron analysis techniques for detecting the concentration and distribution of chloride ions in archaeological iron. Archaeometry n/a 10.1111/arcm.12058 |
Rimmer, Melanie, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Wang, Quanyu 2013. The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron. Studies in Conservation 58 (4) , pp. 326-337. 10.1179/2047058412Y.0000000068 |
Rimmer, Melanie, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Wang, Quanyu 2013. The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron. Studies in Conservation 58 (4) , pp. 326-337. 10.1179/2047058412Y.0000000068 |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Rimmer, Melanie and Kergourlay, Florian 2013. Alkaline desalination techniques for archaeological iron. Dillmann, Philippe, Watkinson, David, Angelini, Emma and Adriaens, Annemie, eds. Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artefacts, European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) Series, vol. 65. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 407-433. |
Dillmann, Philippe, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Angelini, Emma and Adriaens, Annemie, eds. 2013. Corrosion and conservation of cultural heritage metallic artifacts. European Federation of Corrosion Series, vol. 65. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2013. Conservation, corrosion science and evidence-based preservation strategies for metallic heritage artefacts. Dillmann, Philippe, Watkinson, David, Angelini, Emma and Adriaens, Annemie, eds. Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artifacts, European Federation of Corrosion (EFC) Series, vol. 65. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 9-36. |
Rimmer, Melanie, Thickett, David, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Ganiaris, Helen 2013. Guidelines for the storage and display of archaeological metalwork. [Technical Report]. Guidelines, London: English Heritage. Available at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/gu... |
Malea, Ekaterina, Vogiatzi, T. and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2012. Assessing the physical condition of waterlogged archaeological leather. Presented at: Proceedings of the 11th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conferenence, Greenville, North Carolina, USA, 24 - 28 May 2010. Proceedings of the 11th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Greenville, NC 2010. ICOM-CC Working Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials, pp. 571-595. |
Rimmer, Melanie, Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Wang, Quanyu 2012. The efficiency of chloride extraction from archaeological iron objects using deoxygenated alkaline solutions. Studies in Conservation 57 (1) , pp. 29-41. 10.1179/2047058411Y.0000000005 |
Rimmer, Melanie and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2011. Residues of alkaline sulphite treatment and their effects on the corrosion of archaeological iron objects. Presented at: METAL 2010, Charleston, SC, USA, 11-15 October 2010. Published in: Mardikian, P., Chemello, C., Watters, C. and Hull, P. eds. METAL 2010: Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group. Clemson, SC: Clemson University, pp. 16-22. |
Manti, Panagiota, Henderson, Jane ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-8452 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2011. Reflective practice in conservation education. Presented at: ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 19-23 September 2011. Published in: Bridgland, J. ed. ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference: preprints, Lisbon, Portugal, 19-23 September 2011. Preprints of the ICOM-CC 16th Triennial Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, September 19-23, 2011. London: The International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation, |
Manti, Panagiota and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2011. Hot-tinning of low tin bronzes. Presented at: Metal 2010 : Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Charleston, SC, USA, 11-15 October 2010. Published in: Mardikian, P., Chemello, C., Watters, C. and Hull, P. eds. Metal 2010 : Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, October 11-15, 2010, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Metal 2010. Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, 11-15 October 2010. Charleston, SC, USA: ICOM-CC, Clemson University, pp. 92-98. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2010. Measuring effectiveness of washing methods for corrosion control of archaeological iron: problems and challenges. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 45 (5) , pp. 400-406. 10.1179/147842210X12754747500801 |
Parkes, Phillip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-1635 and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780
2010.
Computed tomography and X-radiography of a coffin from Dynasty 21/22.
Presented at: Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration and Conservation,
Cambridge, UK,
7-8 September 2007.
Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects: Technology, Deterioration and Conservation.
London:
Archetype Publications Ltd,
pp. 58-66.
Item availability restricted. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2010. Preservation of metallic cultural heritage. Cottis, R. A., ed. Shreir's Corrosion. 4th ed., Vol. 4. London: Elsevier, pp. 3307-3340. (10.1016/B978-044452787-5.00172-4) |
Manti, Panagiota and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780
2009.
From Homer to hoplite: scientific investigations of Greek copper alloy helmets.
Presented at: International Symposium Science and Technology in Homeric Epics,
Olympia, Greece,
27-30 August 2006.
Published in: Paipetis, S. A. ed.
Science and Technology in Homeric Epics.
History of Mechanism and Machine Science
(6)
London:
Springer Science Publications,
pp. 167-179.
10.1007/978-1-4020-8784-4_12
Item availability restricted. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2008. ss Great Britain: science and technology underpin enclosure design. Henderson, Jane, ed. Conservation Matters in Wales, On Display: Showcases and Enclosures, Federation of Museums and Art Galleries Wales and National Museums Wales, pp. 13-17. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Al-Zahrani, Abdulnaser 2008. Towards quantified assessment of aqueous chloride extraction methods for archaeological iron: De-oxygenated treatment environments. The Conservator 31 (1) , pp. 75-86. 10.1080/01410096.2008.9995234 |
Watkinson, David Edward ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2008. ss Great Britain: conservation and access - synergy and cost. Presented at: Conservation and access, London UK, 15-19 September 2008. Published in: Saunders, G., Townsend, J. and Woodcock, S. eds. Conservation and Access; contributions to the London Congress 15-19 September 2008. London: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, pp. 109-114. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Lewis, M. 2008. Dessicated storage of chloride contaminated iron: a study of the effects of loss of environmental control. May, E., Jones, M. and Mitchell, J., eds. Heritage Microbiology and Science: Microbes, Monuments and Maritime Materials. (Special Publication 315), Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 279-292. |
Manti, Panagiota and Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 2007. Examination of Greek bronze helmets: sampling and project design. Presented at: ICOM-CC Metal Working Group International Triennial Meeting (Metal 07), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17-21 September 2007. Published in: Degrigny, C., van Langh, R., Joosten, I. and Ankersmit, B. eds. Metal 07: Proceedings of the ICOM-CC Metal Working Group International Triennial Meeting. Amsterdam, 17-21 September 2007. Amsterdam: ICOM-CC, Rijksmuseum, pp. 78-82. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Pavlopoulou, L.-C. 2006. The degradation of oil painted copper surfaces. Reviews in Conservation 7 , pp. 55-65. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780, Anheuser, K. and Weber, L. 2005. Staining of archaeological glass from manganese-rich environments. Archaeometry 47 (1) , pp. 69-82. 10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00188.x |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Lewis, Mark T. 2005. Desiccated storage of chloride-contaminated archaeological iron objects. Studies in Conservation 50 , pp. 241-252. |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Lewis, Mark Tudor 2005. The role of âFeOOH in the corrosion of archaeological iron. Presented at: Symposium OO: Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII, Boston, MA, USA, 28 November – 2 December 2004. Published in: Vandiver, Pamela, Mass, Jennifer L. and Murray, A. eds. Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology VII. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (852) Materials Research Society, 10.1557/PROC-852-OO1.6 |
Watkinson, David ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-9780 and Lewis, Mark T. 2004. ss Great Britain iron hull: modelling corrosion to define storage relative humidity. Presented at: Metal 04: Proceedings of the International Conference on Metals Conservation, Canberra, 4-8 October 2004. |